Christopher W Ryan
2015-Jul-09 18:48 UTC
[R] detecting any element in a vector of strings, appearing anywhere in any of several character variables in a dataframe
Thanks everyone. John's original solution worked great. And with 27,000 records, 65 alarm.words, and 6 columns to search, it takes only about 15 seconds. That is certainly adequate for my needs. But I will try out the other strategies too. And thanks also for lot's of new R things to learn--grep, grepl, do.call . . . that's always a bonus! --Chris Ryan On Thu, Jul 9, 2015 at 1:52 PM, Bert Gunter <bgunter.4567 at gmail.com> wrote:> Yup, that does it. Let grep figure out what's a word rather than doing > it manually. Forgot about "\b" > > Cheers, > Bert > > > Bert Gunter > > "Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge > is certainly not wisdom." > -- Clifford Stoll > > > On Thu, Jul 9, 2015 at 10:30 AM, Jeff Newmiller > <jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us> wrote: >> Just add a word break marker before and after: >> >> zz$v5 <- grepl( paste0( "\\b(", paste0( alarm.words, collapse="|" ), ")\\b" ), do.call( paste, zz[ , 2:3 ] ) ) ) >> --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >> Jeff Newmiller The ..... ..... Go Live... >> DCN:<jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us> Basics: ##.#. ##.#. Live Go... >> Live: OO#.. Dead: OO#.. Playing >> Research Engineer (Solar/Batteries O.O#. #.O#. with >> /Software/Embedded Controllers) .OO#. .OO#. rocks...1k >> --------------------------------------------------------------------------- >> Sent from my phone. Please excuse my brevity. >> >> On July 9, 2015 10:12:23 AM PDT, Bert Gunter <bgunter.4567 at gmail.com> wrote: >>>Jeff: >>> >>>Well, it would be much better (no loops!) except, I think, for one >>>issue: "red" would match "barred" and I don't think that this is what >>>is wanted: the matches should be on whole "words" not just string >>>patterns. >>> >>>So you would need to fix up the matching pattern to make this work, >>>but it may be a little tricky, as arbitrary whitespace characters, >>>e.g. " " or "\n" etc. could be in the strings to be matched separating >>>the words or ending the "sentence." I'm sure it can be done, but I'll >>>leave it to you or others to figure it out. >>> >>>Of course, if my diagnosis is wrong or silly, please point this out. >>> >>>Cheers, >>>Bert >>> >>> >>>Bert Gunter >>> >>>"Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge >>>is certainly not wisdom." >>> -- Clifford Stoll >>> >>> >>>On Thu, Jul 9, 2015 at 9:34 AM, Jeff Newmiller >>><jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us> wrote: >>>> I think grep is better suited to this: >>>> >>>> zz$v5 <- grepl( paste0( alarm.words, collapse="|" ), do.call( paste, >>>zz[ , 2:3 ] ) ) ) >>>> >>>--------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>> Jeff Newmiller The ..... ..... Go >>>Live... >>>> DCN:<jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us> Basics: ##.#. ##.#. Live >>>Go... >>>> Live: OO#.. Dead: OO#.. >>>Playing >>>> Research Engineer (Solar/Batteries O.O#. #.O#. with >>>> /Software/Embedded Controllers) .OO#. .OO#. >>>rocks...1k >>>> >>>--------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>> Sent from my phone. Please excuse my brevity. >>>> >>>> On July 9, 2015 8:51:10 AM PDT, Bert Gunter <bgunter.4567 at gmail.com> >>>wrote: >>>>>Here's a way to do it that uses %in% (i.e. match() ) and uses only a >>>>>single, not a double, loop. It should be more efficient. >>>>> >>>>>> sapply(strsplit(do.call(paste,zz[,2:3]),"[[:space:]]+"), >>>>>+ function(x)any(x %in% alarm.words)) >>>>> >>>>> [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE >>>>> >>>>>The idea is to paste the strings in each row (do.call allows an >>>>>arbitrary number of columns) into a single string and then use >>>>>strsplit to break the string into individual "words" on whitespace. >>>>>Then the matching is vectorized with the any( %in% ... ) call. >>>>> >>>>>Cheers, >>>>>Bert >>>>>Bert Gunter >>>>> >>>>>"Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And knowledge >>>>>is certainly not wisdom." >>>>> -- Clifford Stoll >>>>> >>>>> >>>>>On Thu, Jul 9, 2015 at 6:05 AM, John Fox <jfox at mcmaster.ca> wrote: >>>>>> Dear Chris, >>>>>> >>>>>> If I understand correctly what you want, how about the following? >>>>>> >>>>>>> rows <- apply(zz[, 2:3], 1, function(x) any(sapply(alarm.words, >>>>>grepl, x=x))) >>>>>>> zz[rows, ] >>>>>> >>>>>> v1 v2 v3 v4 >>>>>> 3 -1.022329 green turtle ronald weasley 2 >>>>>> 6 0.336599 waffle the hamster red sparks 1 >>>>>> 9 -1.631874 yellow giraffe with a long neck gandalf the white 1 >>>>>> 10 1.130622 black bear gandalf the grey 2 >>>>>> >>>>>> I hope this helps, >>>>>> John >>>>>> >>>>>> ------------------------------------------------ >>>>>> John Fox, Professor >>>>>> McMaster University >>>>>> Hamilton, Ontario, Canada >>>>>> http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/jfox/ >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> On Wed, 08 Jul 2015 22:23:37 -0400 >>>>>> "Christopher W. Ryan" <cryan at binghamton.edu> wrote: >>>>>>> Running R 3.1.1 on windows 7 >>>>>>> >>>>>>> I want to identify as a case any record in a dataframe that >>>contains >>>>>any >>>>>>> of several keywords in any of several variables. >>>>>>> >>>>>>> Example: >>>>>>> >>>>>>> # create a dataframe with 4 variables and 10 records >>>>>>> v2 <- c("white bird", "blue bird", "green turtle", "quick brown >>>>>fox", >>>>>>> "big black dog", "waffle the hamster", "benny likes food a lot", >>>>>"hello >>>>>>> world", "yellow giraffe with a long neck", "black bear") >>>>>>> v3 <- c("harry potter", "hermione grainger", "ronald weasley", >>>>>"ginny >>>>>>> weasley", "dudley dursley", "red sparks", "blue sparks", "white >>>>>dress >>>>>>> robes", "gandalf the white", "gandalf the grey") >>>>>>> zz <- data.frame(v1=rnorm(10), v2=v2, v3=v3, v4=rpois(10, >>>lambda=2), >>>>>>> stringsAsFactors=FALSE) >>>>>>> str(zz) >>>>>>> zz >>>>>>> >>>>>>> # here are the keywords >>>>>>> alarm.words <- c("red", "green", "turtle", "gandalf") >>>>>>> >>>>>>> # For each row/record, I want to test whether the string in v2 or >>>>>the >>>>>>> string in v3 contains any of the strings in alarm.words. And then >>>if >>>>>so, >>>>>>> set zz$v5=TRUE for that record. >>>>>>> >>>>>>> # I'm thinking the str_detect function in the stringr package >>>ought >>>>>to >>>>>>> be able to help, perhaps with some use of apply over the rows, but >>>I >>>>>>> obviously misunderstand something about how str_detect works >>>>>>> >>>>>>> library(stringr) >>>>>>> >>>>>>> str_detect(zz[,2:3], alarm.words) # error: the target of the >>>>>search >>>>>>> # must be a vector, not >>>>>multiple >>>>>>> # columns >>>>>>> >>>>>>> str_detect(zz[1:4,2:3], alarm.words) # same error >>>>>>> >>>>>>> str_detect(zz[,2], alarm.words) # error, length of >>>alarm.words >>>>>>> # is less than the number of >>>>>>> # rows I am using for the >>>>>>> # comparison >>>>>>> >>>>>>> str_detect(zz[1:4,2], alarm.words) # works as hoped when >>>>>>> length(alarm.words) # confining nrows >>>>>>> # to the length of >>>alarm.words >>>>>>> >>>>>>> str_detect(zz, alarm.words) # obviously not right >>>>>>> >>>>>>> # maybe I need apply() ? >>>>>>> my.f <- function(x){str_detect(x, alarm.words)} >>>>>>> >>>>>>> apply(zz[,2], 1, my.f) # again, a mismatch in lengths >>>>>>> # between alarm.words and that >>>>>>> # in which I am searching for >>>>>>> # matching strings >>>>>>> >>>>>>> apply(zz, 2, my.f) # now I'm getting somewhere >>>>>>> apply(zz[1:4,], 2, my.f) # but still only works with 4 >>>>>>> # rows of the dataframe >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> # perhaps %in% could do the job? >>>>>>> >>>>>>> Appreciate any advice. >>>>>>> >>>>>>> --Chris Ryan >>>>>>> >>>>>>> ______________________________________________ >>>>>>> R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see >>>>>>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help >>>>>>> PLEASE do read the posting guide >>>>>http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html >>>>>>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. >>>>>> >>>>>> ______________________________________________ >>>>>> R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see >>>>>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help >>>>>> PLEASE do read the posting guide >>>>>http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html >>>>>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. >>>>> >>>>>______________________________________________ >>>>>R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see >>>>>https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help >>>>>PLEASE do read the posting guide >>>>>http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html >>>>>and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. >>>> >> > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Christopher W Ryan
2015-Jul-10 17:30 UTC
[R] detecting any element in a vector of strings, appearing anywhere in any of several character variables in a dataframe
Interesting thoughts about the partial-word matches, and speed On
another real data set, about 73,000 records and 6 columns to search
through for matches (one column of which contains very long character
strings--several paragraphs each), I ran both John's and Bert's
solutions. John's was noticeably slower, although still quite
tolerable. There were a different number of matches, though:
oic.2
oic FALSE TRUE Sum
FALSE 74939 0 74939
TRUE 274 927 1201
Sum 75213 927 76140
where oic is the logical vector generated by John's solution, and
oic.2 is the logical vector generated by Bert's solution. Bert's
solution detected about 77% of the cases detected by John's.
I'm still exploring why that might be. One possible explanation, for
at least part of the difference, is the issue of partial-word matches.
Substantively, I am searching ambulance run records for words related
to opioid overdose, and I've noticed that the medics often spell
heroin as "heroine" So in this context, I like partial-word
matches--I want to pick up records that (partially) match "heroin"
because it is contained in the word "heroine" .
There may be other things going on too.
Thanks.
--Chris
On Thu, Jul 9, 2015 at 3:24 PM, John Fox <jfox at mcmaster.ca>
wrote:> Dear Christopher,
>
> My usual orientation to this kind of one-off problem is that I'm
looking for a simple correct solution. Computing time is usually much smaller
than programming time.
>
> That said, Bert Gunter's solution was about 5 times faster in a simple
check that I ran with microbenchmark, and Jeff Newmiller's solution was
about 10 times faster. Both Bert's and Jeff's (eventual) solution
protect against partial (rather than full-word) matches, while mine doesn't
(though it could easily be modified to do that).
>
> Best,
> John
>
>> -----Original Message-----
>> From: Christopher W Ryan [mailto:cryan at binghamton.edu]
>> Sent: July-09-15 2:49 PM
>> To: Bert Gunter
>> Cc: Jeff Newmiller; R Help; John Fox
>> Subject: Re: [R] detecting any element in a vector of strings,
appearing
>> anywhere in any of several character variables in a dataframe
>>
>> Thanks everyone. John's original solution worked great. And with
>> 27,000 records, 65 alarm.words, and 6 columns to search, it takes only
>> about 15 seconds. That is certainly adequate for my needs. But I
>> will try out the other strategies too.
>>
>> And thanks also for lot's of new R things to learn--grep, grepl,
>> do.call . . . that's always a bonus!
>>
>> --Chris Ryan
>>
>> On Thu, Jul 9, 2015 at 1:52 PM, Bert Gunter <bgunter.4567 at
gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>> > Yup, that does it. Let grep figure out what's a word rather
than doing
>> > it manually. Forgot about "\b"
>> >
>> > Cheers,
>> > Bert
>> >
>> >
>> > Bert Gunter
>> >
>> > "Data is not information. Information is not knowledge. And
knowledge
>> > is certainly not wisdom."
>> > -- Clifford Stoll
>> >
>> >
>> > On Thu, Jul 9, 2015 at 10:30 AM, Jeff Newmiller
>> > <jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us> wrote:
>> >> Just add a word break marker before and after:
>> >>
>> >> zz$v5 <- grepl( paste0( "\\b(", paste0(
alarm.words, collapse="|" ),
>> ")\\b" ), do.call( paste, zz[ , 2:3 ] ) ) )
>> >>
---------------------------------------------------------------------
>> ------
>> >> Jeff Newmiller The .....
..... Go
>> Live...
>> >> DCN:<jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us> Basics: ##.#.
##.#. Live
>> Go...
>> >> Live: OO#.. Dead:
OO#..
>> Playing
>> >> Research Engineer (Solar/Batteries O.O#.
#.O#. with
>> >> /Software/Embedded Controllers) .OO#.
.OO#.
>> rocks...1k
>> >>
---------------------------------------------------------------------
>> ------
>> >> Sent from my phone. Please excuse my brevity.
>> >>
>> >> On July 9, 2015 10:12:23 AM PDT, Bert Gunter <bgunter.4567
at gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>> >>>Jeff:
>> >>>
>> >>>Well, it would be much better (no loops!) except, I think,
for one
>> >>>issue: "red" would match "barred" and I
don't think that this is what
>> >>>is wanted: the matches should be on whole "words"
not just string
>> >>>patterns.
>> >>>
>> >>>So you would need to fix up the matching pattern to make
this work,
>> >>>but it may be a little tricky, as arbitrary whitespace
characters,
>> >>>e.g. " " or "\n" etc. could be in the
strings to be matched
>> separating
>> >>>the words or ending the "sentence." I'm sure
it can be done, but
>> I'll
>> >>>leave it to you or others to figure it out.
>> >>>
>> >>>Of course, if my diagnosis is wrong or silly, please point
this out.
>> >>>
>> >>>Cheers,
>> >>>Bert
>> >>>
>> >>>
>> >>>Bert Gunter
>> >>>
>> >>>"Data is not information. Information is not
knowledge. And knowledge
>> >>>is certainly not wisdom."
>> >>> -- Clifford Stoll
>> >>>
>> >>>
>> >>>On Thu, Jul 9, 2015 at 9:34 AM, Jeff Newmiller
>> >>><jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us> wrote:
>> >>>> I think grep is better suited to this:
>> >>>>
>> >>>> zz$v5 <- grepl( paste0( alarm.words,
collapse="|" ), do.call(
>> paste,
>> >>>zz[ , 2:3 ] ) ) )
>> >>>>
>>
>>>---------------------------------------------------------------------
>> ------
>> >>>> Jeff Newmiller The .....
..... Go
>> >>>Live...
>> >>>> DCN:<jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us> Basics:
##.#. ##.#.
>> Live
>> >>>Go...
>> >>>> Live: OO#..
Dead: OO#..
>> >>>Playing
>> >>>> Research Engineer (Solar/Batteries O.O#.
#.O#.
>> with
>> >>>> /Software/Embedded Controllers) .OO#.
.OO#.
>> >>>rocks...1k
>> >>>>
>>
>>>---------------------------------------------------------------------
>> ------
>> >>>> Sent from my phone. Please excuse my brevity.
>> >>>>
>> >>>> On July 9, 2015 8:51:10 AM PDT, Bert Gunter
>> <bgunter.4567 at gmail.com>
>> >>>wrote:
>> >>>>>Here's a way to do it that uses %in% (i.e.
match() ) and uses only
>> a
>> >>>>>single, not a double, loop. It should be more
efficient.
>> >>>>>
>> >>>>>>
sapply(strsplit(do.call(paste,zz[,2:3]),"[[:space:]]+"),
>> >>>>>+ function(x)any(x %in% alarm.words))
>> >>>>>
>> >>>>> [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
FALSE TRUE TRUE
>> >>>>>
>> >>>>>The idea is to paste the strings in each row
(do.call allows an
>> >>>>>arbitrary number of columns) into a single string
and then use
>> >>>>>strsplit to break the string into individual
"words" on whitespace.
>> >>>>>Then the matching is vectorized with the any( %in%
... ) call.
>> >>>>>
>> >>>>>Cheers,
>> >>>>>Bert
>> >>>>>Bert Gunter
>> >>>>>
>> >>>>>"Data is not information. Information is not
knowledge. And
>> knowledge
>> >>>>>is certainly not wisdom."
>> >>>>> -- Clifford Stoll
>> >>>>>
>> >>>>>
>> >>>>>On Thu, Jul 9, 2015 at 6:05 AM, John Fox <jfox
at mcmaster.ca> wrote:
>> >>>>>> Dear Chris,
>> >>>>>>
>> >>>>>> If I understand correctly what you want, how
about the following?
>> >>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> rows <- apply(zz[, 2:3], 1, function(x)
any(sapply(alarm.words,
>> >>>>>grepl, x=x)))
>> >>>>>>> zz[rows, ]
>> >>>>>>
>> >>>>>> v1 v2
v3 v4
>> >>>>>> 3 -1.022329 green turtle
ronald weasley 2
>> >>>>>> 6 0.336599 waffle the hamster
red sparks 1
>> >>>>>> 9 -1.631874 yellow giraffe with a long neck
gandalf the white 1
>> >>>>>> 10 1.130622 black bear
gandalf the grey 2
>> >>>>>>
>> >>>>>> I hope this helps,
>> >>>>>> John
>> >>>>>>
>> >>>>>>
------------------------------------------------
>> >>>>>> John Fox, Professor
>> >>>>>> McMaster University
>> >>>>>> Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
>> >>>>>> http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/jfox/
>> >>>>>>
>> >>>>>>
>> >>>>>> On Wed, 08 Jul 2015 22:23:37 -0400
>> >>>>>> "Christopher W. Ryan" <cryan at
binghamton.edu> wrote:
>> >>>>>>> Running R 3.1.1 on windows 7
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> I want to identify as a case any record in
a dataframe that
>> >>>contains
>> >>>>>any
>> >>>>>>> of several keywords in any of several
variables.
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> Example:
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> # create a dataframe with 4 variables and
10 records
>> >>>>>>> v2 <- c("white bird",
"blue bird", "green turtle", "quick brown
>> >>>>>fox",
>> >>>>>>> "big black dog", "waffle
the hamster", "benny likes food a lot",
>> >>>>>"hello
>> >>>>>>> world", "yellow giraffe with a
long neck", "black bear")
>> >>>>>>> v3 <- c("harry potter",
"hermione grainger", "ronald weasley",
>> >>>>>"ginny
>> >>>>>>> weasley", "dudley dursley",
"red sparks", "blue sparks", "white
>> >>>>>dress
>> >>>>>>> robes", "gandalf the
white", "gandalf the grey")
>> >>>>>>> zz <- data.frame(v1=rnorm(10), v2=v2,
v3=v3, v4=rpois(10,
>> >>>lambda=2),
>> >>>>>>> stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
>> >>>>>>> str(zz)
>> >>>>>>> zz
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> # here are the keywords
>> >>>>>>> alarm.words <- c("red",
"green", "turtle", "gandalf")
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> # For each row/record, I want to test
whether the string in v2
>> or
>> >>>>>the
>> >>>>>>> string in v3 contains any of the strings
in alarm.words. And
>> then
>> >>>if
>> >>>>>so,
>> >>>>>>> set zz$v5=TRUE for that record.
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> # I'm thinking the str_detect function
in the stringr package
>> >>>ought
>> >>>>>to
>> >>>>>>> be able to help, perhaps with some use of
apply over the rows,
>> but
>> >>>I
>> >>>>>>> obviously misunderstand something about
how str_detect works
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> library(stringr)
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> str_detect(zz[,2:3], alarm.words) #
error: the target of the
>> >>>>>search
>> >>>>>>> #
must be a vector, not
>> >>>>>multiple
>> >>>>>>> #
columns
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> str_detect(zz[1:4,2:3], alarm.words) #
same error
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> str_detect(zz[,2], alarm.words) #
error, length of
>> >>>alarm.words
>> >>>>>>> # is
less than the number
>> of
>> >>>>>>> #
rows I am using for the
>> >>>>>>> #
comparison
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> str_detect(zz[1:4,2], alarm.words) #
works as hoped when
>> >>>>>>> length(alarm.words) #
confining nrows
>> >>>>>>> # to
the length of
>> >>>alarm.words
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> str_detect(zz, alarm.words) #
obviously not right
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> # maybe I need apply() ?
>> >>>>>>> my.f <- function(x){str_detect(x,
alarm.words)}
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> apply(zz[,2], 1, my.f) # again, a
mismatch in lengths
>> >>>>>>> # between
alarm.words and that
>> >>>>>>> # in which I am
searching for
>> >>>>>>> # matching
strings
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> apply(zz, 2, my.f) # now I'm
getting somewhere
>> >>>>>>> apply(zz[1:4,], 2, my.f) # but still
only works with 4
>> >>>>>>> # rows of the
dataframe
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> # perhaps %in% could do the job?
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> Appreciate any advice.
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>> --Chris Ryan
>> >>>>>>>
>> >>>>>>>
______________________________________________
>> >>>>>>> R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To
UNSUBSCRIBE and more,
>> see
>> >>>>>>>
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>> >>>>>>> PLEASE do read the posting guide
>> >>>>>http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>> >>>>>>> and provide commented, minimal,
self-contained, reproducible
>> code.
>> >>>>>>
>> >>>>>> ______________________________________________
>> >>>>>> R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To
UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
>> >>>>>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>> >>>>>> PLEASE do read the posting guide
>> >>>>>http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>> >>>>>> and provide commented, minimal,
self-contained, reproducible
>> code.
>> >>>>>
>> >>>>>______________________________________________
>> >>>>>R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To
UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see
>> >>>>>https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>> >>>>>PLEASE do read the posting guide
>> >>>>>http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>> >>>>>and provide commented, minimal, self-contained,
reproducible code.
>> >>>>
>> >>
>> >
>> > ______________________________________________
>> > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more,
see
>> > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>> > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-
>> guide.html
>> > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>
>
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