Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 00/16] qspinlock: a 4-byte queue spinlock with PV support
v10->v11:
- Use a simple test-and-set unfair lock to simplify the code,
but performance may suffer a bit for large guest with many CPUs.
- Take out Raghavendra KT's test results as the unfair lock changes
may render some of his results invalid.
- Add PV support without increasing the size of the core queue node
structure.
- Other minor changes to address some of the feedback comments.
v9->v10:
- Make some minor changes to qspinlock.c to accommodate review feedback.
- Change author to PeterZ for 2 of the patches.
- Include Raghavendra KT's test results in patch 18.
v8->v9:
- Integrate PeterZ's version of the queue spinlock patch with some
modification:
http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20140310154236.038181843 at infradead.org
- Break the more complex patches into smaller ones to ease review effort.
- Fix a racing condition in the PV qspinlock code.
v7->v8:
- Remove one unneeded atomic operation from the slowpath, thus
improving performance.
- Simplify some of the codes and add more comments.
- Test for X86_FEATURE_HYPERVISOR CPU feature bit to enable/disable
unfair lock.
- Reduce unfair lock slowpath lock stealing frequency depending
on its distance from the queue head.
- Add performance data for IvyBridge-EX CPU.
v6->v7:
- Remove an atomic operation from the 2-task contending code
- Shorten the names of some macros
- Make the queue waiter to attempt to steal lock when unfair lock is
enabled.
- Remove lock holder kick from the PV code and fix a race condition
- Run the unfair lock & PV code on overcommitted KVM guests to collect
performance data.
v5->v6:
- Change the optimized 2-task contending code to make it fairer at the
expense of a bit of performance.
- Add a patch to support unfair queue spinlock for Xen.
- Modify the PV qspinlock code to follow what was done in the PV
ticketlock.
- Add performance data for the unfair lock as well as the PV
support code.
v4->v5:
- Move the optimized 2-task contending code to the generic file to
enable more architectures to use it without code duplication.
- Address some of the style-related comments by PeterZ.
- Allow the use of unfair queue spinlock in a real para-virtualized
execution environment.
- Add para-virtualization support to the qspinlock code by ensuring
that the lock holder and queue head stay alive as much as possible.
v3->v4:
- Remove debugging code and fix a configuration error
- Simplify the qspinlock structure and streamline the code to make it
perform a bit better
- Add an x86 version of asm/qspinlock.h for holding x86 specific
optimization.
- Add an optimized x86 code path for 2 contending tasks to improve
low contention performance.
v2->v3:
- Simplify the code by using numerous mode only without an unfair option.
- Use the latest smp_load_acquire()/smp_store_release() barriers.
- Move the queue spinlock code to kernel/locking.
- Make the use of queue spinlock the default for x86-64 without user
configuration.
- Additional performance tuning.
v1->v2:
- Add some more comments to document what the code does.
- Add a numerous CPU mode to support >= 16K CPUs
- Add a configuration option to allow lock stealing which can further
improve performance in many cases.
- Enable wakeup of queue head CPU at unlock time for non-numerous
CPU mode.
This patch set has 3 different sections:
1) Patches 1-7: Introduces a queue-based spinlock implementation that
can replace the default ticket spinlock without increasing the
size of the spinlock data structure. As a result, critical kernel
data structures that embed spinlock won't increase in size and
break data alignments.
2) Patches 8-9: Enables the use of unfair queue spinlock in a
virtual guest. This can resolve some of the locking related
performance issues due to the fact that the next CPU to get the
lock may have been scheduled out for a period of time.
3) Patches 10-16: Enable qspinlock para-virtualization support
by halting the waiting CPUs after spinning for a certain amount of
time. The unlock code will detect the a sleeping waiter and wake it
up. This is essentially the same logic as the PV ticketlock code.
The queue spinlock has slightly better performance than the ticket
spinlock in uncontended case. Its performance can be much better
with moderate to heavy contention. This patch has the potential of
improving the performance of all the workloads that have moderate to
heavy spinlock contention.
The queue spinlock is especially suitable for NUMA machines with at
least 2 sockets, though noticeable performance benefit probably won't
show up in machines with less than 4 sockets.
The purpose of this patch set is not to solve any particular spinlock
contention problems. Those need to be solved by refactoring the code
to make more efficient use of the lock or finer granularity ones. The
main purpose is to make the lock contention problems more tolerable
until someone can spend the time and effort to fix them.
Peter Zijlstra (2):
qspinlock: Add pending bit
qspinlock: Optimize for smaller NR_CPUS
Waiman Long (14):
qspinlock: A simple generic 4-byte queue spinlock
qspinlock, x86: Enable x86-64 to use queue spinlock
qspinlock: Extract out the exchange of tail code word
qspinlock: prolong the stay in the pending bit path
qspinlock: Use a simple write to grab the lock, if applicable
qspinlock: Prepare for unfair lock support
qspinlock, x86: Allow unfair spinlock in a virtual guest
qspinlock: Split the MCS queuing code into a separate slowerpath
pvqspinlock, x86: Rename paravirt_ticketlocks_enabled
pvqspinlock, x86: Add PV data structure & methods
pvqspinlock: Enable coexistence with the unfair lock
pvqspinlock: Add qspinlock para-virtualization support
pvqspinlock, x86: Enable PV qspinlock PV for KVM
pvqspinlock, x86: Enable PV qspinlock for XEN
arch/x86/Kconfig | 12 +
arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h | 18 +-
arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h | 17 +
arch/x86/include/asm/pvqspinlock.h | 359 +++++++++++++++++++++
arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h | 141 +++++++++
arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h | 9 +-
arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock_types.h | 4 +
arch/x86/kernel/Makefile | 1 +
arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c | 137 ++++++++-
arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c | 36 ++-
arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c | 149 +++++++++-
include/asm-generic/qspinlock.h | 118 +++++++
include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h | 82 +++++
kernel/Kconfig.locks | 7 +
kernel/locking/Makefile | 1 +
kernel/locking/mcs_spinlock.h | 1 +
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 552 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
17 files changed, 1632 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 arch/x86/include/asm/pvqspinlock.h
create mode 100644 arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h
create mode 100644 include/asm-generic/qspinlock.h
create mode 100644 include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
create mode 100644 kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 01/16] qspinlock: A simple generic 4-byte queue spinlock
This patch introduces a new generic queue spinlock implementation that
can serve as an alternative to the default ticket spinlock. Compared
with the ticket spinlock, this queue spinlock should be almost as fair
as the ticket spinlock. It has about the same speed in single-thread
and it can be much faster in high contention situations especially when
the spinlock is embedded within the data structure to be protected.
Only in light to moderate contention where the average queue depth
is around 1-3 will this queue spinlock be potentially a bit slower
due to the higher slowpath overhead.
This queue spinlock is especially suit to NUMA machines with a large
number of cores as the chance of spinlock contention is much higher
in those machines. The cost of contention is also higher because of
slower inter-node memory traffic.
Due to the fact that spinlocks are acquired with preemption disabled,
the process will not be migrated to another CPU while it is trying
to get a spinlock. Ignoring interrupt handling, a CPU can only be
contending in one spinlock at any one time. Counting soft IRQ, hard
IRQ and NMI, a CPU can only have a maximum of 4 concurrent lock waiting
activities. By allocating a set of per-cpu queue nodes and used them
to form a waiting queue, we can encode the queue node address into a
much smaller 24-bit size (including CPU number and queue node index)
leaving one byte for the lock.
Please note that the queue node is only needed when waiting for the
lock. Once the lock is acquired, the queue node can be released to
be used later.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz at infradead.org>
---
include/asm-generic/qspinlock.h | 118 ++++++++++++++++++++
include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h | 61 ++++++++++
kernel/Kconfig.locks | 7 +
kernel/locking/Makefile | 1 +
kernel/locking/mcs_spinlock.h | 1 +
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 197 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
6 files changed, 385 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 include/asm-generic/qspinlock.h
create mode 100644 include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
create mode 100644 kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/qspinlock.h b/include/asm-generic/qspinlock.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8a7ae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/asm-generic/qspinlock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/*
+ * Queue spinlock
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * (C) Copyright 2013-2014 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
+ *
+ * Authors: Waiman Long <waiman.long at hp.com>
+ */
+#ifndef __ASM_GENERIC_QSPINLOCK_H
+#define __ASM_GENERIC_QSPINLOCK_H
+
+#include <asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h>
+
+/**
+ * queue_spin_is_locked - is the spinlock locked?
+ * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * Return: 1 if it is locked, 0 otherwise
+ */
+static __always_inline int queue_spin_is_locked(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ return atomic_read(&lock->val);
+}
+
+/**
+ * queue_spin_value_unlocked - is the spinlock structure unlocked?
+ * @lock: queue spinlock structure
+ * Return: 1 if it is unlocked, 0 otherwise
+ *
+ * N.B. Whenever there are tasks waiting for the lock, it is considered
+ * locked wrt the lockref code to avoid lock stealing by the lockref
+ * code and change things underneath the lock. This also allows some
+ * optimizations to be applied without conflict with lockref.
+ */
+static __always_inline int queue_spin_value_unlocked(struct qspinlock lock)
+{
+ return !atomic_read(&lock.val);
+}
+
+/**
+ * queue_spin_is_contended - check if the lock is contended
+ * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * Return: 1 if lock contended, 0 otherwise
+ */
+static __always_inline int queue_spin_is_contended(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ return atomic_read(&lock->val) & ~_Q_LOCKED_MASK;
+}
+/**
+ * queue_spin_trylock - try to acquire the queue spinlock
+ * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * Return: 1 if lock acquired, 0 if failed
+ */
+static __always_inline int queue_spin_trylock(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ if (!atomic_read(&lock->val) &&
+ (atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0))
+ return 1;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+extern void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 val);
+
+/**
+ * queue_spin_lock - acquire a queue spinlock
+ * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ */
+static __always_inline void queue_spin_lock(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ u32 val;
+
+ val = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL);
+ if (likely(val == 0))
+ return;
+ queue_spin_lock_slowpath(lock, val);
+}
+
+#ifndef queue_spin_unlock
+/**
+ * queue_spin_unlock - release a queue spinlock
+ * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ */
+static __always_inline void queue_spin_unlock(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ /*
+ * smp_mb__before_atomic() in order to guarantee release semantics
+ */
+ smp_mb__before_atomic_dec();
+ atomic_sub(_Q_LOCKED_VAL, &lock->val);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Initializier
+ */
+#define __ARCH_SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED { ATOMIC_INIT(0) }
+
+/*
+ * Remapping spinlock architecture specific functions to the corresponding
+ * queue spinlock functions.
+ */
+#define arch_spin_is_locked(l) queue_spin_is_locked(l)
+#define arch_spin_is_contended(l) queue_spin_is_contended(l)
+#define arch_spin_value_unlocked(l) queue_spin_value_unlocked(l)
+#define arch_spin_lock(l) queue_spin_lock(l)
+#define arch_spin_trylock(l) queue_spin_trylock(l)
+#define arch_spin_unlock(l) queue_spin_unlock(l)
+#define arch_spin_lock_flags(l, f) queue_spin_lock(l)
+
+#endif /* __ASM_GENERIC_QSPINLOCK_H */
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
b/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f66f845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Queue spinlock
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * (C) Copyright 2013-2014 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
+ *
+ * Authors: Waiman Long <waiman.long at hp.com>
+ */
+#ifndef __ASM_GENERIC_QSPINLOCK_TYPES_H
+#define __ASM_GENERIC_QSPINLOCK_TYPES_H
+
+/*
+ * Including atomic.h with PARAVIRT on will cause compilation errors because
+ * of recursive header file incluson via paravirt_types.h. A workaround is
+ * to include paravirt_types.h here.
+ */
+#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT
+#include <asm/paravirt_types.h>
+#else
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <linux/atomic.h>
+#include <linux/bug.h>
+#endif
+
+typedef struct qspinlock {
+ atomic_t val;
+} arch_spinlock_t;
+
+/*
+ * Bitfields in the atomic value:
+ *
+ * 0- 7: locked byte
+ * 8- 9: tail index
+ * 10-31: tail cpu (+1)
+ */
+#define _Q_SET_MASK(type) (((1U << _Q_ ## type ## _BITS) - 1)\
+ << _Q_ ## type ## _OFFSET)
+#define _Q_LOCKED_OFFSET 0
+#define _Q_LOCKED_BITS 8
+#define _Q_LOCKED_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(LOCKED)
+
+#define _Q_TAIL_IDX_OFFSET (_Q_LOCKED_OFFSET + _Q_LOCKED_BITS)
+#define _Q_TAIL_IDX_BITS 2
+#define _Q_TAIL_IDX_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(TAIL_IDX)
+
+#define _Q_TAIL_CPU_OFFSET (_Q_TAIL_IDX_OFFSET + _Q_TAIL_IDX_BITS)
+#define _Q_TAIL_CPU_BITS (32 - _Q_TAIL_CPU_OFFSET)
+#define _Q_TAIL_CPU_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(TAIL_CPU)
+
+#define _Q_LOCKED_VAL (1U << _Q_LOCKED_OFFSET)
+
+#endif /* __ASM_GENERIC_QSPINLOCK_TYPES_H */
diff --git a/kernel/Kconfig.locks b/kernel/Kconfig.locks
index d2b32ac..f185584 100644
--- a/kernel/Kconfig.locks
+++ b/kernel/Kconfig.locks
@@ -223,3 +223,10 @@ endif
config MUTEX_SPIN_ON_OWNER
def_bool y
depends on SMP && !DEBUG_MUTEXES
+
+config ARCH_USE_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+ bool
+
+config QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+ def_bool y if ARCH_USE_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+ depends on SMP && !PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
diff --git a/kernel/locking/Makefile b/kernel/locking/Makefile
index b8bdcd4..e6741ac 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/Makefile
+++ b/kernel/locking/Makefile
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ endif
obj-$(CONFIG_SMP) += spinlock.o
obj-$(CONFIG_SMP) += lglock.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING) += spinlock.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK) += qspinlock.o
obj-$(CONFIG_RT_MUTEXES) += rtmutex.o
obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_RT_MUTEXES) += rtmutex-debug.o
obj-$(CONFIG_RT_MUTEX_TESTER) += rtmutex-tester.o
diff --git a/kernel/locking/mcs_spinlock.h b/kernel/locking/mcs_spinlock.h
index a2dbac4..a59b677 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/mcs_spinlock.h
+++ b/kernel/locking/mcs_spinlock.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
struct mcs_spinlock {
struct mcs_spinlock *next;
int locked; /* 1 if lock acquired */
+ int count;
};
#ifndef arch_mcs_spin_lock_contended
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b97a1ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+/*
+ * Queue spinlock
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * (C) Copyright 2013-2014 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
+ *
+ * Authors: Waiman Long <waiman.long at hp.com>
+ * Peter Zijlstra <pzijlstr at redhat.com>
+ */
+#include <linux/smp.h>
+#include <linux/bug.h>
+#include <linux/cpumask.h>
+#include <linux/percpu.h>
+#include <linux/hardirq.h>
+#include <linux/mutex.h>
+#include <asm/qspinlock.h>
+
+/*
+ * The basic principle of a queue-based spinlock can best be understood
+ * by studying a classic queue-based spinlock implementation called the
+ * MCS lock. The paper below provides a good description for this kind
+ * of lock.
+ *
+ * http://www.cise.ufl.edu/tr/DOC/REP-1992-71.pdf
+ *
+ * This queue spinlock implementation is based on the MCS lock, however to make
+ * it fit the 4 bytes we assume spinlock_t to be, and preserve its existing
+ * API, we must modify it some.
+ *
+ * In particular; where the traditional MCS lock consists of a tail pointer
+ * (8 bytes) and needs the next pointer (another 8 bytes) of its own node to
+ * unlock the next pending (next->locked), we compress both these: {tail,
+ * next->locked} into a single u32 value.
+ *
+ * Since a spinlock disables recursion of its own context and there is a limit
+ * to the contexts that can nest; namely: task, softirq, hardirq, nmi, we can
+ * encode the tail as and index indicating this context and a cpu number.
+ *
+ * We can further change the first spinner to spin on a bit in the lock word
+ * instead of its node; whereby avoiding the need to carry a node from lock to
+ * unlock, and preserving API.
+ */
+
+#include "mcs_spinlock.h"
+
+/*
+ * Per-CPU queue node structures; we can never have more than 4 nested
+ * contexts: task, softirq, hardirq, nmi.
+ *
+ * Exactly fits one cacheline.
+ */
+static DEFINE_PER_CPU_ALIGNED(struct mcs_spinlock, mcs_nodes[4]);
+
+/*
+ * We must be able to distinguish between no-tail and the tail at 0:0,
+ * therefore increment the cpu number by one.
+ */
+
+static inline u32 encode_tail(int cpu, int idx)
+{
+ u32 tail;
+
+ tail = (cpu + 1) << _Q_TAIL_CPU_OFFSET;
+ tail |= idx << _Q_TAIL_IDX_OFFSET; /* assume < 4 */
+
+ return tail;
+}
+
+static inline struct mcs_spinlock *decode_tail(u32 tail)
+{
+ int cpu = (tail >> _Q_TAIL_CPU_OFFSET) - 1;
+ int idx = (tail & _Q_TAIL_IDX_MASK) >> _Q_TAIL_IDX_OFFSET;
+
+ return per_cpu_ptr(&mcs_nodes[idx], cpu);
+}
+
+/**
+ * queue_spin_lock_slowpath - acquire the queue spinlock
+ * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * @val: Current value of the queue spinlock 32-bit word
+ *
+ * (queue tail, lock bit)
+ *
+ * fast : slow :
unlock
+ * : :
+ * uncontended (0,0) --:--> (0,1) --------------------------------:-->
(*,0)
+ * : | ^--------. / :
+ * : v \ | :
+ * uncontended : (n,x) --+--> (n,0) | :
+ * queue : | ^--' | :
+ * : v | :
+ * contended : (*,x) --+--> (*,0) -----> (*,1) ---'
:
+ * queue : ^--' :
+ *
+ */
+void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 val)
+{
+ struct mcs_spinlock *prev, *next, *node;
+ u32 new, old, tail;
+ int idx;
+
+ BUILD_BUG_ON(CONFIG_NR_CPUS >= (1U << _Q_TAIL_CPU_BITS));
+
+ node = this_cpu_ptr(&mcs_nodes[0]);
+ idx = node->count++;
+ tail = encode_tail(smp_processor_id(), idx);
+
+ node += idx;
+ node->locked = 0;
+ node->next = NULL;
+
+ /*
+ * trylock || xchg(lock, node)
+ *
+ * 0,0 -> 0,1 ; trylock
+ * p,x -> n,x ; prev = xchg(lock, node)
+ */
+ for (;;) {
+ new = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
+ if (val)
+ new = tail | (val & _Q_LOCKED_MASK);
+
+ old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
+ if (old == val)
+ break;
+
+ val = old;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * we won the trylock; forget about queueing.
+ */
+ if (new == _Q_LOCKED_VAL)
+ goto release;
+
+ /*
+ * if there was a previous node; link it and wait.
+ */
+ if (old & ~_Q_LOCKED_MASK) {
+ prev = decode_tail(old);
+ ACCESS_ONCE(prev->next) = node;
+
+ arch_mcs_spin_lock_contended(&node->locked);
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * we're at the head of the waitqueue, wait for the owner to go away.
+ *
+ * *,x -> *,0
+ */
+ while ((val = atomic_read(&lock->val)) & _Q_LOCKED_MASK)
+ arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
+
+ /*
+ * claim the lock:
+ *
+ * n,0 -> 0,1 : lock, uncontended
+ * *,0 -> *,1 : lock, contended
+ */
+ for (;;) {
+ new = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
+ if (val != tail)
+ new |= val;
+
+ old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
+ if (old == val)
+ break;
+
+ val = old;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * contended path; wait for next, release.
+ */
+ if (new != _Q_LOCKED_VAL) {
+ while (!(next = ACCESS_ONCE(node->next)))
+ arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
+
+ arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contended(&next->locked);
+ }
+
+release:
+ /*
+ * release the node
+ */
+ this_cpu_dec(mcs_nodes[0].count);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(queue_spin_lock_slowpath);
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 02/16] qspinlock, x86: Enable x86-64 to use queue spinlock
This patch makes the necessary changes at the x86 architecture
specific layer to enable the use of queue spinlock for x86-64. As
x86-32 machines are typically not multi-socket. The benefit of queue
spinlock may not be apparent. So queue spinlock is not enabled.
Currently, there is some incompatibilities between the para-virtualized
spinlock code (which hard-codes the use of ticket spinlock) and the
queue spinlock. Therefore, the use of queue spinlock is disabled when
the para-virtualized spinlock is enabled.
The arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h header file includes some x86
specific optimization which will make the queue spinlock code perform
better than the generic implementation.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz at infradead.org>
---
arch/x86/Kconfig | 1 +
arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h | 5 +++++
arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock_types.h | 4 ++++
4 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h
diff --git a/arch/x86/Kconfig b/arch/x86/Kconfig
index 25d2c6f..95c9c4e 100644
--- a/arch/x86/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/x86/Kconfig
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ config X86
select ARCH_SUPPORTS_NUMA_BALANCING
select ARCH_SUPPORTS_INT128 if X86_64
select ARCH_WANTS_PROT_NUMA_PROT_NONE
+ select ARCH_USE_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
select HAVE_IDE
select HAVE_OPROFILE
select HAVE_PCSPKR_PLATFORM
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4a4f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#ifndef _ASM_X86_QSPINLOCK_H
+#define _ASM_X86_QSPINLOCK_H
+
+#include <asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h>
+
+#if !defined(CONFIG_X86_OOSTORE) && !defined(CONFIG_X86_PPRO_FENCE)
+
+#define queue_spin_unlock queue_spin_unlock
+/**
+ * queue_spin_unlock - release a queue spinlock
+ * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ *
+ * No special memory barrier other than a compiler one is needed for the
+ * x86 architecture. A compiler barrier is added at the end to make sure
+ * that the clearing the lock bit is done ASAP without artificial delay
+ * due to compiler optimization.
+ */
+static inline void queue_spin_unlock(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ barrier();
+ ACCESS_ONCE(*(u8 *)lock) = 0;
+ barrier();
+}
+
+#endif /* !CONFIG_X86_OOSTORE && !CONFIG_X86_PPRO_FENCE */
+
+#include <asm-generic/qspinlock.h>
+
+#endif /* _ASM_X86_QSPINLOCK_H */
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h
index 0f62f54..958d20f 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@
extern struct static_key paravirt_ticketlocks_enabled;
static __always_inline bool static_key_false(struct static_key *key);
+#ifdef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+#include <asm/qspinlock.h>
+#else
+
#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
static inline void __ticket_enter_slowpath(arch_spinlock_t *lock)
@@ -180,6 +184,7 @@ static __always_inline void
arch_spin_lock_flags(arch_spinlock_t *lock,
{
arch_spin_lock(lock);
}
+#endif /* CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK */
static inline void arch_spin_unlock_wait(arch_spinlock_t *lock)
{
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock_types.h
b/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock_types.h
index 4f1bea1..7960268 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock_types.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock_types.h
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ typedef u32 __ticketpair_t;
#define TICKET_SHIFT (sizeof(__ticket_t) * 8)
+#ifdef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+#include <asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h>
+#else
typedef struct arch_spinlock {
union {
__ticketpair_t head_tail;
@@ -33,6 +36,7 @@ typedef struct arch_spinlock {
} arch_spinlock_t;
#define __ARCH_SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED { { 0 } }
+#endif /* CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK */
#include <asm/rwlock.h>
--
1.7.1
From: Peter Zijlstra <peterz at infradead.org>
Because the qspinlock needs to touch a second cacheline; add a pending
bit and allow a single in-word spinner before we punt to the second
cacheline.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz at infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h | 12 +++-
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 109 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
2 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
b/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
index f66f845..bd25081 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
@@ -39,8 +39,9 @@ typedef struct qspinlock {
* Bitfields in the atomic value:
*
* 0- 7: locked byte
- * 8- 9: tail index
- * 10-31: tail cpu (+1)
+ * 8: pending
+ * 9-10: tail index
+ * 11-31: tail cpu (+1)
*/
#define _Q_SET_MASK(type) (((1U << _Q_ ## type ## _BITS) - 1)\
<< _Q_ ## type ## _OFFSET)
@@ -48,7 +49,11 @@ typedef struct qspinlock {
#define _Q_LOCKED_BITS 8
#define _Q_LOCKED_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(LOCKED)
-#define _Q_TAIL_IDX_OFFSET (_Q_LOCKED_OFFSET + _Q_LOCKED_BITS)
+#define _Q_PENDING_OFFSET (_Q_LOCKED_OFFSET + _Q_LOCKED_BITS)
+#define _Q_PENDING_BITS 1
+#define _Q_PENDING_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(PENDING)
+
+#define _Q_TAIL_IDX_OFFSET (_Q_PENDING_OFFSET + _Q_PENDING_BITS)
#define _Q_TAIL_IDX_BITS 2
#define _Q_TAIL_IDX_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(TAIL_IDX)
@@ -57,5 +62,6 @@ typedef struct qspinlock {
#define _Q_TAIL_CPU_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(TAIL_CPU)
#define _Q_LOCKED_VAL (1U << _Q_LOCKED_OFFSET)
+#define _Q_PENDING_VAL (1U << _Q_PENDING_OFFSET)
#endif /* __ASM_GENERIC_QSPINLOCK_TYPES_H */
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
index b97a1ad..1e93c6a 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -83,24 +83,28 @@ static inline struct mcs_spinlock *decode_tail(u32 tail)
return per_cpu_ptr(&mcs_nodes[idx], cpu);
}
+#define _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK (_Q_LOCKED_MASK | _Q_PENDING_MASK)
+
/**
* queue_spin_lock_slowpath - acquire the queue spinlock
* @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
* @val: Current value of the queue spinlock 32-bit word
*
- * (queue tail, lock bit)
- *
- * fast : slow :
unlock
- * : :
- * uncontended (0,0) --:--> (0,1) --------------------------------:-->
(*,0)
- * : | ^--------. / :
- * : v \ | :
- * uncontended : (n,x) --+--> (n,0) | :
- * queue : | ^--' | :
- * : v | :
- * contended : (*,x) --+--> (*,0) -----> (*,1) ---'
:
- * queue : ^--' :
+ * (queue tail, pending bit, lock bit)
*
+ * fast : slow : unlock
+ * : :
+ * uncontended (0,0,0) -:--> (0,0,1) ------------------------------:-->
(*,*,0)
+ * : | ^--------.------. / :
+ * : v \ \ | :
+ * pending : (0,1,1) +--> (0,1,0) \ | :
+ * : | ^--' | | :
+ * : v | | :
+ * uncontended : (n,x,y) +--> (n,0,0) --' | :
+ * queue : | ^--' | :
+ * : v | :
+ * contended : (*,x,y) +--> (*,0,0) ---> (*,0,1) -' :
+ * queue : ^--' :
*/
void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 val)
{
@@ -110,6 +114,65 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
BUILD_BUG_ON(CONFIG_NR_CPUS >= (1U << _Q_TAIL_CPU_BITS));
+ /*
+ * trylock || pending
+ *
+ * 0,0,0 -> 0,0,1 ; trylock
+ * 0,0,1 -> 0,1,1 ; pending
+ */
+ for (;;) {
+ /*
+ * If we observe any contention; queue.
+ */
+ if (val & ~_Q_LOCKED_MASK)
+ goto queue;
+
+ new = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
+ if (val == new)
+ new |= _Q_PENDING_VAL;
+
+ old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
+ if (old == val)
+ break;
+
+ val = old;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * we won the trylock
+ */
+ if (new == _Q_LOCKED_VAL)
+ return;
+
+ /*
+ * we're pending, wait for the owner to go away.
+ *
+ * *,1,1 -> *,1,0
+ */
+ while ((val = atomic_read(&lock->val)) & _Q_LOCKED_MASK)
+ arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
+
+ /*
+ * take ownership and clear the pending bit.
+ *
+ * *,1,0 -> *,0,1
+ */
+ for (;;) {
+ new = (val & ~_Q_PENDING_MASK) | _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
+
+ old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
+ if (old == val)
+ break;
+
+ val = old;
+ }
+ return;
+
+ /*
+ * End of pending bit optimistic spinning and beginning of MCS
+ * queuing.
+ */
+queue:
node = this_cpu_ptr(&mcs_nodes[0]);
idx = node->count++;
tail = encode_tail(smp_processor_id(), idx);
@@ -119,15 +182,18 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
node->next = NULL;
/*
+ * we already touched the queueing cacheline; don't bother with pending
+ * stuff.
+ *
* trylock || xchg(lock, node)
*
- * 0,0 -> 0,1 ; trylock
- * p,x -> n,x ; prev = xchg(lock, node)
+ * 0,0,0 -> 0,0,1 ; trylock
+ * p,y,x -> n,y,x ; prev = xchg(lock, node)
*/
for (;;) {
new = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
if (val)
- new = tail | (val & _Q_LOCKED_MASK);
+ new = tail | (val & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK);
old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
if (old == val)
@@ -145,7 +211,7 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
/*
* if there was a previous node; link it and wait.
*/
- if (old & ~_Q_LOCKED_MASK) {
+ if (old & ~_Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) {
prev = decode_tail(old);
ACCESS_ONCE(prev->next) = node;
@@ -153,18 +219,19 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
}
/*
- * we're at the head of the waitqueue, wait for the owner to go away.
+ * we're at the head of the waitqueue, wait for the owner & pending to
+ * go away.
*
- * *,x -> *,0
+ * *,x,y -> *,0,0
*/
- while ((val = atomic_read(&lock->val)) & _Q_LOCKED_MASK)
+ while ((val = atomic_read(&lock->val)) & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK)
arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
/*
* claim the lock:
*
- * n,0 -> 0,1 : lock, uncontended
- * *,0 -> *,1 : lock, contended
+ * n,0,0 -> 0,0,1 : lock, uncontended
+ * *,0,0 -> *,0,1 : lock, contended
*/
for (;;) {
new = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 04/16] qspinlock: Extract out the exchange of tail code word
This patch extracts the logic for the exchange of new and previous tail
code words into a new xchg_tail() function which can be optimized in a
later patch.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h | 2 +
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
b/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
index bd25081..ed5d89a 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ typedef struct qspinlock {
#define _Q_TAIL_CPU_BITS (32 - _Q_TAIL_CPU_OFFSET)
#define _Q_TAIL_CPU_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(TAIL_CPU)
+#define _Q_TAIL_MASK (_Q_TAIL_IDX_MASK | _Q_TAIL_CPU_MASK)
+
#define _Q_LOCKED_VAL (1U << _Q_LOCKED_OFFSET)
#define _Q_PENDING_VAL (1U << _Q_PENDING_OFFSET)
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
index 1e93c6a..41594a1 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -86,6 +86,31 @@ static inline struct mcs_spinlock *decode_tail(u32 tail)
#define _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK (_Q_LOCKED_MASK | _Q_PENDING_MASK)
/**
+ * xchg_tail - Put in the new queue tail code word & retrieve previous one
+ * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * @tail : The new queue tail code word
+ * Return: The previous queue tail code word
+ *
+ * xchg(lock, tail)
+ *
+ * p,*,* -> n,*,* ; prev = xchg(lock, node)
+ */
+static __always_inline u32 xchg_tail(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 tail)
+{
+ u32 old, new, val = atomic_read(&lock->val);
+
+ for (;;) {
+ new = (val & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) | tail;
+ old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
+ if (old == val)
+ break;
+
+ val = old;
+ }
+ return old;
+}
+
+/**
* queue_spin_lock_slowpath - acquire the queue spinlock
* @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
* @val: Current value of the queue spinlock 32-bit word
@@ -182,36 +207,25 @@ queue:
node->next = NULL;
/*
- * we already touched the queueing cacheline; don't bother with pending
- * stuff.
- *
- * trylock || xchg(lock, node)
- *
- * 0,0,0 -> 0,0,1 ; trylock
- * p,y,x -> n,y,x ; prev = xchg(lock, node)
+ * We touched a (possibly) cold cacheline in the per-cpu queue node;
+ * attempt the trylock once more in the hope someone let go while we
+ * weren't watching.
*/
- for (;;) {
- new = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
- if (val)
- new = tail | (val & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK);
-
- old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
- if (old == val)
- break;
-
- val = old;
- }
+ if (queue_spin_trylock(lock))
+ goto release;
/*
- * we won the trylock; forget about queueing.
+ * we already touched the queueing cacheline; don't bother with pending
+ * stuff.
+ *
+ * p,*,* -> n,*,*
*/
- if (new == _Q_LOCKED_VAL)
- goto release;
+ old = xchg_tail(lock, tail);
/*
* if there was a previous node; link it and wait.
*/
- if (old & ~_Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) {
+ if (old & _Q_TAIL_MASK) {
prev = decode_tail(old);
ACCESS_ONCE(prev->next) = node;
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 05/16] qspinlock: Optimize for smaller NR_CPUS
From: Peter Zijlstra <peterz at infradead.org>
When we allow for a max NR_CPUS < 2^14 we can optimize the pending
wait-acquire and the xchg_tail() operations.
By growing the pending bit to a byte, we reduce the tail to 16bit.
This means we can use xchg16 for the tail part and do away with all
the repeated compxchg() operations.
This in turn allows us to unconditionally acquire; the locked state
as observed by the wait loops cannot change. And because both locked
and pending are now a full byte we can use simple stores for the
state transition, obviating one atomic operation entirely.
All this is horribly broken on Alpha pre EV56 (and any other arch that
cannot do single-copy atomic byte stores).
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz at infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h | 13 ++++
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 103 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
2 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
b/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
index ed5d89a..4914abe 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/qspinlock_types.h
@@ -38,6 +38,14 @@ typedef struct qspinlock {
/*
* Bitfields in the atomic value:
*
+ * When NR_CPUS < 16K
+ * 0- 7: locked byte
+ * 8: pending
+ * 9-15: not used
+ * 16-17: tail index
+ * 18-31: tail cpu (+1)
+ *
+ * When NR_CPUS >= 16K
* 0- 7: locked byte
* 8: pending
* 9-10: tail index
@@ -50,7 +58,11 @@ typedef struct qspinlock {
#define _Q_LOCKED_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(LOCKED)
#define _Q_PENDING_OFFSET (_Q_LOCKED_OFFSET + _Q_LOCKED_BITS)
+#if CONFIG_NR_CPUS < (1U << 14)
+#define _Q_PENDING_BITS 8
+#else
#define _Q_PENDING_BITS 1
+#endif
#define _Q_PENDING_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(PENDING)
#define _Q_TAIL_IDX_OFFSET (_Q_PENDING_OFFSET + _Q_PENDING_BITS)
@@ -61,6 +73,7 @@ typedef struct qspinlock {
#define _Q_TAIL_CPU_BITS (32 - _Q_TAIL_CPU_OFFSET)
#define _Q_TAIL_CPU_MASK _Q_SET_MASK(TAIL_CPU)
+#define _Q_TAIL_OFFSET _Q_TAIL_IDX_OFFSET
#define _Q_TAIL_MASK (_Q_TAIL_IDX_MASK | _Q_TAIL_CPU_MASK)
#define _Q_LOCKED_VAL (1U << _Q_LOCKED_OFFSET)
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
index 41594a1..fc7fd8c 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/hardirq.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
+#include <asm/byteorder.h>
#include <asm/qspinlock.h>
/*
@@ -48,6 +49,9 @@
* We can further change the first spinner to spin on a bit in the lock word
* instead of its node; whereby avoiding the need to carry a node from lock to
* unlock, and preserving API.
+ *
+ * N.B. The current implementation only supports architectures that allow
+ * atomic operations on smaller 8-bit and 16-bit data types.
*/
#include "mcs_spinlock.h"
@@ -85,6 +89,87 @@ static inline struct mcs_spinlock *decode_tail(u32 tail)
#define _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK (_Q_LOCKED_MASK | _Q_PENDING_MASK)
+/*
+ * By using the whole 2nd least significant byte for the pending bit, we
+ * can allow better optimization of the lock acquisition for the pending
+ * bit holder.
+ */
+#if _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8
+
+struct __qspinlock {
+ union {
+ atomic_t val;
+ struct {
+#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN
+ u16 locked_pending;
+ u16 tail;
+#else
+ u16 tail;
+ u16 locked_pending;
+#endif
+ };
+ };
+};
+
+/**
+ * clear_pending_set_locked - take ownership and clear the pending bit.
+ * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * @val : Current value of the queue spinlock 32-bit word
+ *
+ * *,1,0 -> *,0,1
+ *
+ * Lock stealing is not allowed if this function is used.
+ */
+static __always_inline void
+clear_pending_set_locked(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 val)
+{
+ struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
+
+ ACCESS_ONCE(l->locked_pending) = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * xchg_tail - Put in the new queue tail code word & retrieve previous one
+ * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * @tail : The new queue tail code word
+ * Return: The previous queue tail code word
+ *
+ * xchg(lock, tail)
+ *
+ * p,*,* -> n,*,* ; prev = xchg(lock, node)
+ */
+static __always_inline u32 xchg_tail(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 tail)
+{
+ struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
+
+ return (u32)xchg(&l->tail, tail >> _Q_TAIL_OFFSET) <<
_Q_TAIL_OFFSET;
+}
+
+#else /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
+
+/**
+ * clear_pending_set_locked - take ownership and clear the pending bit.
+ * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * @val : Current value of the queue spinlock 32-bit word
+ *
+ * *,1,0 -> *,0,1
+ */
+static __always_inline void
+clear_pending_set_locked(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 val)
+{
+ u32 new, old;
+
+ for (;;) {
+ new = (val & ~_Q_PENDING_MASK) | _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
+
+ old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
+ if (old == val)
+ break;
+
+ val = old;
+ }
+}
+
/**
* xchg_tail - Put in the new queue tail code word & retrieve previous one
* @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
@@ -109,6 +194,7 @@ static __always_inline u32 xchg_tail(struct qspinlock *lock,
u32 tail)
}
return old;
}
+#endif /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
/**
* queue_spin_lock_slowpath - acquire the queue spinlock
@@ -173,8 +259,13 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
* we're pending, wait for the owner to go away.
*
* *,1,1 -> *,1,0
+ *
+ * this wait loop must be a load-acquire such that we match the
+ * store-release that clears the locked bit and create lock
+ * sequentiality; this because not all clear_pending_set_locked()
+ * implementations imply full barriers.
*/
- while ((val = atomic_read(&lock->val)) & _Q_LOCKED_MASK)
+ while ((val = smp_load_acquire(&lock->val.counter)) &
_Q_LOCKED_MASK)
arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
/*
@@ -182,15 +273,7 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
*
* *,1,0 -> *,0,1
*/
- for (;;) {
- new = (val & ~_Q_PENDING_MASK) | _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
-
- old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
- if (old == val)
- break;
-
- val = old;
- }
+ clear_pending_set_locked(lock, val);
return;
/*
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 06/16] qspinlock: prolong the stay in the pending bit path
There is a problem in the current pending bit spinning code. When the
lock is free, but the pending bit holder hasn't grabbed the lock &
cleared the pending bit yet, the spinning code will not be run.
As a result, the regular queuing code path might be used most of
the time even when there is only 2 tasks contending for the lock.
Assuming that the pending bit holder is going to get the lock and
clear the pending bit soon, it is actually better to wait than to be
queued up which has a higher overhead.
The following tables show the before-patch execution time (in ms)
of a micro-benchmark where 5M iterations of the lock/unlock cycles
were run on a 10-core Westere-EX x86-64 CPU with 2 different types of
loads - standalone (lock and protected data in different cachelines)
and embedded (lock and protected data in the same cacheline).
[Standalone/Embedded - same node]
# of tasks Ticket lock Queue lock %Change
---------- ----------- ---------- -------
1 135/ 111 135/ 101 0%/ -9%
2 890/ 779 1885/1990 +112%/+156%
3 1932/1859 2333/2341 +21%/ +26%
4 2829/2726 2900/2923 +3%/ +7%
5 3834/3761 3655/3648 -5%/ -3%
6 4963/4976 4336/4326 -13%/ -13%
7 6299/6269 5057/5064 -20%/ -19%
8 7691/7569 5786/5798 -25%/ -23%
Of course, the results will varies depending on what kind of test
machine is used.
With 1 task per NUMA node, the execution times are:
[Standalone - different nodes]
# of nodes Ticket lock Queue lock %Change
---------- ----------- ---------- -------
1 135 135 0%
2 4604 5087 +10%
3 10940 12224 +12%
4 21555 10555 -51%
It can be seen that the queue spinlock is slower than the ticket
spinlock when there are 2 or 3 contending tasks. In all the other case,
the queue spinlock is either equal or faster than the ticket spinlock.
With this patch, the performance data for 2 contending tasks are:
[Standalone/Embedded]
# of tasks Ticket lock Queue lock %Change
---------- ----------- ---------- -------
2 890/779 984/871 +11%/+12%
[Standalone - different nodes]
# of nodes Ticket lock Queue lock %Change
---------- ----------- ---------- -------
2 4604 1364 -70%
It can be seen that the queue spinlock performance for 2 contending
tasks is now comparable to ticket spinlock on the same node, but much
faster when in different nodes. With 3 contending tasks, however,
the ticket spinlock is still quite a bit faster.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 18 ++++++++++++++++--
1 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
index fc7fd8c..7f10758 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -233,11 +233,25 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
*/
for (;;) {
/*
- * If we observe any contention; queue.
+ * If we observe that the queue is not empty or both
+ * the pending and lock bits are set, queue
*/
- if (val & ~_Q_LOCKED_MASK)
+ if ((val & _Q_TAIL_MASK) ||
+ (val == (_Q_LOCKED_VAL|_Q_PENDING_VAL)))
goto queue;
+ if (val == _Q_PENDING_VAL) {
+ /*
+ * Pending bit is set, but not the lock bit.
+ * Assuming that the pending bit holder is going to
+ * set the lock bit and clear the pending bit soon,
+ * it is better to wait than to exit at this point.
+ */
+ cpu_relax();
+ val = atomic_read(&lock->val);
+ continue;
+ }
+
new = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
if (val == new)
new |= _Q_PENDING_VAL;
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 07/16] qspinlock: Use a simple write to grab the lock, if applicable
Currently, atomic_cmpxchg() is used to get the lock. However, this is
not really necessary if there is more than one task in the queue and
the queue head don't need to reset the queue code word. For that case,
a simple write to set the lock bit is enough as the queue head will
be the only one eligible to get the lock as long as it checks that
both the lock and pending bits are not set. The current pending bit
waiting code will ensure that the bit will not be set as soon as the
queue code word (tail) in the lock is set.
With that change, the are some slight improvement in the performance
of the queue spinlock in the 5M loop micro-benchmark run on a 4-socket
Westere-EX machine as shown in the tables below.
[Standalone/Embedded - same node]
# of tasks Before patch After patch %Change
---------- ----------- ---------- -------
3 2324/2321 2248/2265 -3%/-2%
4 2890/2896 2819/2831 -2%/-2%
5 3611/3595 3522/3512 -2%/-2%
6 4281/4276 4173/4160 -3%/-3%
7 5018/5001 4875/4861 -3%/-3%
8 5759/5750 5563/5568 -3%/-3%
[Standalone/Embedded - different nodes]
# of tasks Before patch After patch %Change
---------- ----------- ---------- -------
3 12242/12237 12087/12093 -1%/-1%
4 10688/10696 10507/10521 -2%/-2%
It was also found that this change produced a much bigger performance
improvement in the newer IvyBridge-EX chip and was essentially to close
the performance gap between the ticket spinlock and queue spinlock.
The disk workload of the AIM7 benchmark was run on a 4-socket
Westmere-EX machine with both ext4 and xfs RAM disks at 3000 users
on a 3.14 based kernel. The results of the test runs were:
AIM7 XFS Disk Test
kernel JPM Real Time Sys Time Usr Time
----- --- --------- -------- --------
ticketlock 5678233 3.17 96.61 5.81
qspinlock 5750799 3.13 94.83 5.97
AIM7 EXT4 Disk Test
kernel JPM Real Time Sys Time Usr Time
----- --- --------- -------- --------
ticketlock 1114551 16.15 509.72 7.11
qspinlock 2184466 8.24 232.99 6.01
The ext4 filesystem run had a much higher spinlock contention than
the xfs filesystem run.
The "ebizzy -m" test was also run with the following results:
kernel records/s Real Time Sys Time Usr Time
----- --------- --------- -------- --------
ticketlock 2075 10.00 216.35 3.49
qspinlock 3023 10.00 198.20 4.80
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 62 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
1 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
index 7f10758..2c7abe7 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -93,24 +93,33 @@ static inline struct mcs_spinlock *decode_tail(u32 tail)
* By using the whole 2nd least significant byte for the pending bit, we
* can allow better optimization of the lock acquisition for the pending
* bit holder.
+ *
+ * This internal structure is also used by the set_locked function which
+ * is not restricted to _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8.
*/
-#if _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8
-
struct __qspinlock {
union {
atomic_t val;
- struct {
#ifdef __LITTLE_ENDIAN
+ u8 locked;
+ struct {
u16 locked_pending;
u16 tail;
+ };
#else
+ struct {
u16 tail;
u16 locked_pending;
-#endif
};
+ struct {
+ u8 reserved[3];
+ u8 locked;
+ };
+#endif
};
};
+#if _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8
/**
* clear_pending_set_locked - take ownership and clear the pending bit.
* @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
@@ -197,6 +206,22 @@ static __always_inline u32 xchg_tail(struct qspinlock
*lock, u32 tail)
#endif /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
/**
+ * set_locked - Set the lock bit and own the lock
+ * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ *
+ * This routine should only be called when the caller is the only one
+ * entitled to acquire the lock.
+ */
+static __always_inline void set_locked(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
+
+ barrier();
+ ACCESS_ONCE(l->locked) = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
+ barrier();
+}
+
+/**
* queue_spin_lock_slowpath - acquire the queue spinlock
* @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
* @val: Current value of the queue spinlock 32-bit word
@@ -332,10 +357,13 @@ queue:
/*
* we're at the head of the waitqueue, wait for the owner & pending to
* go away.
+ * Load-acquired is used here because the set_locked()
+ * function below may not be a full memory barrier.
*
* *,x,y -> *,0,0
*/
- while ((val = atomic_read(&lock->val)) & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK)
+ while ((val = smp_load_acquire(&lock->val.counter))
+ & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK)
arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
/*
@@ -343,15 +371,19 @@ queue:
*
* n,0,0 -> 0,0,1 : lock, uncontended
* *,0,0 -> *,0,1 : lock, contended
+ *
+ * If the queue head is the only one in the queue (lock value == tail),
+ * clear the tail code and grab the lock. Otherwise, we only need
+ * to grab the lock.
*/
for (;;) {
- new = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
- if (val != tail)
- new |= val;
-
- old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
- if (old == val)
+ if (val != tail) {
+ set_locked(lock);
break;
+ }
+ old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, _Q_LOCKED_VAL);
+ if (old == val)
+ goto release; /* No contention */
val = old;
}
@@ -359,12 +391,10 @@ queue:
/*
* contended path; wait for next, release.
*/
- if (new != _Q_LOCKED_VAL) {
- while (!(next = ACCESS_ONCE(node->next)))
- arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
+ while (!(next = ACCESS_ONCE(node->next)))
+ arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
- arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contended(&next->locked);
- }
+ arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contended(&next->locked);
release:
/*
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 08/16] qspinlock: Prepare for unfair lock support
If unfair lock is supported, the lock acquisition loop at the end of
the queue_spin_lock_slowpath() function may need to detect the fact
the lock can be stolen. Code are added for the stolen lock detection.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 26 ++++++++++++++++++--------
1 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
index 2c7abe7..ae1b19d 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ static inline struct mcs_spinlock *decode_tail(u32 tail)
* can allow better optimization of the lock acquisition for the pending
* bit holder.
*
- * This internal structure is also used by the set_locked function which
+ * This internal structure is also used by the try_set_locked function which
* is not restricted to _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8.
*/
struct __qspinlock {
@@ -206,19 +206,21 @@ static __always_inline u32 xchg_tail(struct qspinlock
*lock, u32 tail)
#endif /* _Q_PENDING_BITS == 8 */
/**
- * set_locked - Set the lock bit and own the lock
- * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * try_set_locked - Try to set the lock bit and own the lock
+ * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * Return: 1 if lock acquired, 0 otherwise
*
* This routine should only be called when the caller is the only one
* entitled to acquire the lock.
*/
-static __always_inline void set_locked(struct qspinlock *lock)
+static __always_inline int try_set_locked(struct qspinlock *lock)
{
struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
barrier();
ACCESS_ONCE(l->locked) = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
barrier();
+ return 1;
}
/**
@@ -357,11 +359,12 @@ queue:
/*
* we're at the head of the waitqueue, wait for the owner & pending to
* go away.
- * Load-acquired is used here because the set_locked()
+ * Load-acquired is used here because the try_set_locked()
* function below may not be a full memory barrier.
*
* *,x,y -> *,0,0
*/
+retry_queue_wait:
while ((val = smp_load_acquire(&lock->val.counter))
& _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK)
arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
@@ -378,13 +381,20 @@ queue:
*/
for (;;) {
if (val != tail) {
- set_locked(lock);
- break;
+ /*
+ * The try_set_locked function will only failed if the
+ * lock was stolen.
+ */
+ if (try_set_locked(lock))
+ break;
+ else
+ goto retry_queue_wait;
}
old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, _Q_LOCKED_VAL);
if (old == val)
goto release; /* No contention */
-
+ else if (old & _Q_LOCKED_MASK)
+ goto retry_queue_wait;
val = old;
}
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 09/16] qspinlock, x86: Allow unfair spinlock in a virtual guest
Locking is always an issue in a virtualized environment because of 2
different types of problems:
1) Lock holder preemption
2) Lock waiter preemption
One solution to the lock waiter preemption problem is to allow unfair
lock in a virtualized environment. In this case, a new lock acquirer
can come and steal the lock if the next-in-line CPU to get the lock
is scheduled out.
A simple unfair queue spinlock can be implemented by allowing lock
stealing in the fast path. The slowpath will also be modified to run a
simple queue_spin_trylock() loop. A simple test and set lock like that
does have the problem that the The constant spinning on the lock word
put a lot of cacheline contention traffic on the affected cacheline,
thus slowing tasks that need to access the cacheline.
Unfair lock in a native environment is generally not a good idea as
there is a possibility of lock starvation for a heavily contended lock.
This patch adds a new configuration option for the x86 architecture
to enable the use of unfair queue spinlock (AVIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS)
in a virtual guest. A jump label (virt_unfairlocks_enabled) is
used to switch between a fair and an unfair version of the spinlock
code. This jump label will only be enabled in a virtual guest where
the X86_FEATURE_HYPERVISOR feature bit is set.
Enabling this configuration feature causes a slight decrease the
performance of an uncontended lock-unlock operation by about 1-2%
mainly due to the use of a static key. However, uncontended lock-unlock
operation are really just a tiny percentage of a real workload. So
there should no noticeable change in application performance.
With the unfair locking activated on bare metal 4-socket Westmere-EX
box, the execution times (in ms) of a spinlock micro-benchmark were
as follows:
# of Ticket Fair Unfair
tasks lock queue lock queue lock
------ ------- ---------- ----------
1 135 135 137
2 890 1082 613
3 1932 2248 1211
4 2829 2819 1720
5 3834 3522 2461
6 4963 4173 3715
7 6299 4875 3749
8 7691 5563 4194
Executing one task per node, the performance data were:
# of Ticket Fair Unfair
nodes lock queue lock queue lock
------ ------- ---------- ----------
1 135 135 137
2 4603 1034 1458
3 10940 12087 2562
4 21555 10507 4793
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
arch/x86/Kconfig | 11 +++++
arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
arch/x86/kernel/Makefile | 1 +
arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c | 26 +++++++++++
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 20 +++++++++
5 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/x86/Kconfig b/arch/x86/Kconfig
index 95c9c4e..961f43a 100644
--- a/arch/x86/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/x86/Kconfig
@@ -585,6 +585,17 @@ config PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
If you are unsure how to answer this question, answer Y.
+config VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS
+ bool "Enable unfair locks in a virtual guest"
+ depends on SMP && QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+ depends on !CONFIG_X86_OOSTORE && !CONFIG_X86_PPRO_FENCE
+ ---help---
+ This changes the kernel to use unfair locks in a virtual
+ guest. This will help performance in most cases. However,
+ there is a possibility of lock starvation on a heavily
+ contended lock especially in a large guest with many
+ virtual CPUs.
+
source "arch/x86/xen/Kconfig"
config KVM_GUEST
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h
index e4a4f5d..448de8b 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@
#if !defined(CONFIG_X86_OOSTORE) && !defined(CONFIG_X86_PPRO_FENCE)
+#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS
+extern struct static_key virt_unfairlocks_enabled;
+#endif
+
#define queue_spin_unlock queue_spin_unlock
/**
* queue_spin_unlock - release a queue spinlock
@@ -26,4 +30,79 @@ static inline void queue_spin_unlock(struct qspinlock *lock)
#include <asm-generic/qspinlock.h>
+union arch_qspinlock {
+ atomic_t val;
+ u8 locked;
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS
+/**
+ * queue_spin_trylock_unfair - try to acquire the queue spinlock unfairly
+ * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * Return: 1 if lock acquired, 0 if failed
+ */
+static __always_inline int queue_spin_trylock_unfair(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ union arch_qspinlock *qlock = (union arch_qspinlock *)lock;
+
+ if (!qlock->locked && (cmpxchg(&qlock->locked, 0,
_Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0))
+ return 1;
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * queue_spin_lock_unfair - acquire a queue spinlock unfairly
+ * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ */
+static __always_inline void queue_spin_lock_unfair(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ union arch_qspinlock *qlock = (union arch_qspinlock *)lock;
+
+ if (likely(cmpxchg(&qlock->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0))
+ return;
+ /*
+ * Since the lock is now unfair, we should not activate the 2-task
+ * pending bit spinning code path which disallows lock stealing.
+ */
+ queue_spin_lock_slowpath(lock, -1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Redefine arch_spin_lock and arch_spin_trylock as inline functions that will
+ * jump to the unfair versions if the static key virt_unfairlocks_enabled
+ * is true.
+ */
+#undef arch_spin_lock
+#undef arch_spin_trylock
+#undef arch_spin_lock_flags
+
+/**
+ * arch_spin_lock - acquire a queue spinlock
+ * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ */
+static inline void arch_spin_lock(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ if (static_key_false(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled))
+ queue_spin_lock_unfair(lock);
+ else
+ queue_spin_lock(lock);
+}
+
+/**
+ * arch_spin_trylock - try to acquire the queue spinlock
+ * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * Return: 1 if lock acquired, 0 if failed
+ */
+static inline int arch_spin_trylock(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ if (static_key_false(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled))
+ return queue_spin_trylock_unfair(lock);
+ else
+ return queue_spin_trylock(lock);
+}
+
+#define arch_spin_lock_flags(l, f) arch_spin_lock(l)
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS */
+
#endif /* _ASM_X86_QSPINLOCK_H */
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/Makefile b/arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
index f4d9600..cf592f3 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_NMI_SELFTEST) += nmi_selftest.o
obj-$(CONFIG_KVM_GUEST) += kvm.o kvmclock.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PARAVIRT) += paravirt.o paravirt_patch_$(BITS).o
obj-$(CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS)+= paravirt-spinlocks.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS) += paravirt-spinlocks.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PARAVIRT_CLOCK) += pvclock.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PCSPKR_PLATFORM) += pcspeaker.o
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
b/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
index bbb6c73..69ed806 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
#include <asm/paravirt.h>
+#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
struct pv_lock_ops pv_lock_ops = {
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
.lock_spinning = __PV_IS_CALLEE_SAVE(paravirt_nop),
@@ -18,3 +19,28 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(pv_lock_ops);
struct static_key paravirt_ticketlocks_enabled = STATIC_KEY_INIT_FALSE;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(paravirt_ticketlocks_enabled);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS
+struct static_key virt_unfairlocks_enabled = STATIC_KEY_INIT_FALSE;
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(virt_unfairlocks_enabled);
+
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <asm/cpufeature.h>
+
+/*
+ * Enable unfair lock only if it is running under a hypervisor
+ */
+static __init int unfair_locks_init_jump(void)
+{
+ if (!boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_HYPERVISOR))
+ return 0;
+
+ static_key_slow_inc(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled);
+ printk(KERN_INFO "Unfair spinlock enabled\n");
+
+ return 0;
+}
+early_initcall(unfair_locks_init_jump);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
index ae1b19d..3723c83 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -217,6 +217,14 @@ static __always_inline int try_set_locked(struct qspinlock
*lock)
{
struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock;
+#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS
+ /*
+ * Need to use atomic operation to grab the lock when lock stealing
+ * can happen.
+ */
+ if (static_key_false(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled))
+ return cmpxchg(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0;
+#endif
barrier();
ACCESS_ONCE(l->locked) = _Q_LOCKED_VAL;
barrier();
@@ -252,6 +260,18 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
BUILD_BUG_ON(CONFIG_NR_CPUS >= (1U << _Q_TAIL_CPU_BITS));
+#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS
+ /*
+ * A simple test and set unfair lock
+ */
+ if (static_key_false(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled)) {
+ cpu_relax(); /* Relax after a failed lock attempt */
+ while (!queue_spin_trylock(lock))
+ cpu_relax();
+ return;
+ }
+#endif /* CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS */
+
/*
* trylock || pending
*
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 10/16] qspinlock: Split the MCS queuing code into a separate slowerpath
With the pending addition of more codes to support PV spinlock, the
complexity of the slowpath function increases to the point that the
number of scratch-pad registers in the x86-64 architecture is not
enough and so those additional non-scratch-pad registers will need
to be used. This has the downside of requiring saving and restoring
of those registers in the prolog and epilog of the slowpath function
slowing down the nominally faster pending bit and trylock code path
at the beginning of the slowpath function.
This patch separates out the actual MCS queuing code into a slowerpath
function. This avoids the slow down of the pending bit and trylock
code path at the expense of a little bit of additional overhead to
the MCS queuing code path.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 162 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
1 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
index 3723c83..93c663a 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -232,6 +232,93 @@ static __always_inline int try_set_locked(struct qspinlock
*lock)
}
/**
+ * queue_spin_lock_slowerpath - a slower patch for acquiring queue spinlock
+ * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ * @node: Pointer to the queue node
+ * @tail: The tail code
+ *
+ * The reason for splitting a slowerpath from slowpath is to avoid the
+ * unnecessary overhead of non-scratch pad register pushing and popping
+ * due to increased complexity with unfair and PV spinlock from slowing
+ * down the nominally faster pending bit and trylock code path. So this
+ * function is not inlined.
+ */
+static noinline void queue_spin_lock_slowerpath(struct qspinlock *lock,
+ struct mcs_spinlock *node, u32 tail)
+{
+ struct mcs_spinlock *prev, *next;
+ u32 val, old;
+
+ /*
+ * we already touched the queueing cacheline; don't bother with pending
+ * stuff.
+ *
+ * p,*,* -> n,*,*
+ */
+ old = xchg_tail(lock, tail);
+
+ /*
+ * if there was a previous node; link it and wait.
+ */
+ if (old & _Q_TAIL_MASK) {
+ prev = decode_tail(old);
+ ACCESS_ONCE(prev->next) = node;
+
+ arch_mcs_spin_lock_contended(&node->locked);
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * we're at the head of the waitqueue, wait for the owner & pending to
+ * go away.
+ * Load-acquired is used here because the try_set_locked()
+ * function below may not be a full memory barrier.
+ *
+ * *,x,y -> *,0,0
+ */
+retry_queue_wait:
+ while ((val = smp_load_acquire(&lock->val.counter))
+ & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK)
+ arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
+
+ /*
+ * claim the lock:
+ *
+ * n,0,0 -> 0,0,1 : lock, uncontended
+ * *,0,0 -> *,0,1 : lock, contended
+ *
+ * If the queue head is the only one in the queue (lock value == tail),
+ * clear the tail code and grab the lock. Otherwise, we only need
+ * to grab the lock.
+ */
+ for (;;) {
+ if (val != tail) {
+ /*
+ * The try_set_locked function will only failed if the
+ * lock was stolen.
+ */
+ if (try_set_locked(lock))
+ break;
+ else
+ goto retry_queue_wait;
+ }
+ old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, _Q_LOCKED_VAL);
+ if (old == val)
+ return; /* No contention */
+ else if (old & _Q_LOCKED_MASK)
+ goto retry_queue_wait;
+ val = old;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * contended path; wait for next
+ */
+ while (!(next = ACCESS_ONCE(node->next)))
+ arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
+
+ arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contended(&next->locked);
+}
+
+/**
* queue_spin_lock_slowpath - acquire the queue spinlock
* @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
* @val: Current value of the queue spinlock 32-bit word
@@ -254,7 +341,7 @@ static __always_inline int try_set_locked(struct qspinlock
*lock)
*/
void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 val)
{
- struct mcs_spinlock *prev, *next, *node;
+ struct mcs_spinlock *node;
u32 new, old, tail;
int idx;
@@ -355,78 +442,9 @@ queue:
* attempt the trylock once more in the hope someone let go while we
* weren't watching.
*/
- if (queue_spin_trylock(lock))
- goto release;
-
- /*
- * we already touched the queueing cacheline; don't bother with pending
- * stuff.
- *
- * p,*,* -> n,*,*
- */
- old = xchg_tail(lock, tail);
-
- /*
- * if there was a previous node; link it and wait.
- */
- if (old & _Q_TAIL_MASK) {
- prev = decode_tail(old);
- ACCESS_ONCE(prev->next) = node;
-
- arch_mcs_spin_lock_contended(&node->locked);
- }
-
- /*
- * we're at the head of the waitqueue, wait for the owner & pending to
- * go away.
- * Load-acquired is used here because the try_set_locked()
- * function below may not be a full memory barrier.
- *
- * *,x,y -> *,0,0
- */
-retry_queue_wait:
- while ((val = smp_load_acquire(&lock->val.counter))
- & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK)
- arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
-
- /*
- * claim the lock:
- *
- * n,0,0 -> 0,0,1 : lock, uncontended
- * *,0,0 -> *,0,1 : lock, contended
- *
- * If the queue head is the only one in the queue (lock value == tail),
- * clear the tail code and grab the lock. Otherwise, we only need
- * to grab the lock.
- */
- for (;;) {
- if (val != tail) {
- /*
- * The try_set_locked function will only failed if the
- * lock was stolen.
- */
- if (try_set_locked(lock))
- break;
- else
- goto retry_queue_wait;
- }
- old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, _Q_LOCKED_VAL);
- if (old == val)
- goto release; /* No contention */
- else if (old & _Q_LOCKED_MASK)
- goto retry_queue_wait;
- val = old;
- }
-
- /*
- * contended path; wait for next, release.
- */
- while (!(next = ACCESS_ONCE(node->next)))
- arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
-
- arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contended(&next->locked);
+ if (!queue_spin_trylock(lock))
+ queue_spin_lock_slowerpath(lock, node, tail);
-release:
/*
* release the node
*/
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 11/16] pvqspinlock, x86: Rename paravirt_ticketlocks_enabled
This patch renames the paravirt_ticketlocks_enabled static key to a
more generic paravirt_spinlocks_enabled name.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h | 4 ++--
arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c | 2 +-
arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c | 4 ++--
arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c | 2 +-
4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h
index 958d20f..428d0d1 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
/* How long a lock should spin before we consider blocking */
#define SPIN_THRESHOLD (1 << 15)
-extern struct static_key paravirt_ticketlocks_enabled;
+extern struct static_key paravirt_spinlocks_enabled;
static __always_inline bool static_key_false(struct static_key *key);
#ifdef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ static inline void __ticket_unlock_slowpath(arch_spinlock_t
*lock,
static __always_inline void arch_spin_unlock(arch_spinlock_t *lock)
{
if (TICKET_SLOWPATH_FLAG &&
- static_key_false(¶virt_ticketlocks_enabled)) {
+ static_key_false(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled)) {
arch_spinlock_t prev;
prev = *lock;
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c b/arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c
index 0331cb3..7ab8ab3 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@ static __init int kvm_spinlock_init_jump(void)
if (!kvm_para_has_feature(KVM_FEATURE_PV_UNHALT))
return 0;
- static_key_slow_inc(¶virt_ticketlocks_enabled);
+ static_key_slow_inc(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled);
printk(KERN_INFO "KVM setup paravirtual spinlock\n");
return 0;
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
b/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
index 69ed806..d9041c9 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ struct pv_lock_ops pv_lock_ops = {
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pv_lock_ops);
-struct static_key paravirt_ticketlocks_enabled = STATIC_KEY_INIT_FALSE;
-EXPORT_SYMBOL(paravirt_ticketlocks_enabled);
+struct static_key paravirt_spinlocks_enabled = STATIC_KEY_INIT_FALSE;
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(paravirt_spinlocks_enabled);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS
diff --git a/arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c b/arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c
index 0ba5f3b..d1b6a32 100644
--- a/arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c
+++ b/arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ static __init int xen_init_spinlocks_jump(void)
if (!xen_domain())
return 0;
- static_key_slow_inc(¶virt_ticketlocks_enabled);
+ static_key_slow_inc(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled);
return 0;
}
early_initcall(xen_init_spinlocks_jump);
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 12/16] pvqspinlock, x86: Add PV data structure & methods
This patch modifies the para-virtualization (PV) infrastructure code
of the x86-64 architecture to support the PV queue spinlock. Three
new virtual methods are added to support PV qspinlock:
1) kick_cpu - schedule in a virtual CPU
2) halt_cpu - schedule out a virtual CPU
3) lockstat - update statistical data for debugfs
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h | 18 +++++++++++++++++-
arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h | 17 +++++++++++++++++
arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c | 6 ++++++
3 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h
index cd6e161..d71e123 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h
@@ -711,7 +711,23 @@ static inline void __set_fixmap(unsigned /* enum
fixed_addresses */ idx,
}
#if defined(CONFIG_SMP) && defined(CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS)
+#ifdef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+static __always_inline void __queue_kick_cpu(int cpu)
+{
+ PVOP_VCALL1(pv_lock_ops.kick_cpu, cpu);
+}
+
+static __always_inline void
+__queue_halt_cpu(enum pv_lock_stats type, s8 *state, s8 sval)
+{
+ PVOP_VCALL3(pv_lock_ops.halt_cpu, type, state, sval);
+}
+static __always_inline void __queue_lockstat(enum pv_lock_stats type)
+{
+ PVOP_VCALL1(pv_lock_ops.lockstat, type);
+}
+#else
static __always_inline void __ticket_lock_spinning(struct arch_spinlock *lock,
__ticket_t ticket)
{
@@ -723,7 +739,7 @@ static __always_inline void __ticket_unlock_kick(struct
arch_spinlock *lock,
{
PVOP_VCALL2(pv_lock_ops.unlock_kick, lock, ticket);
}
-
+#endif
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_32
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h
b/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h
index 7549b8b..549b3a0 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h
@@ -333,9 +333,26 @@ struct arch_spinlock;
typedef u16 __ticket_t;
#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+enum pv_lock_stats {
+ PV_HALT_QHEAD, /* Queue head halting */
+ PV_HALT_QNODE, /* Other queue node halting */
+ PV_HALT_ABORT, /* Halting aborted */
+ PV_WAKE_KICKED, /* Wakeup by kicking */
+ PV_WAKE_SPURIOUS, /* Spurious wakeup */
+ PV_KICK_NOHALT /* Kick but CPU not halted */
+};
+#endif
+
struct pv_lock_ops {
+#ifdef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+ void (*kick_cpu)(int cpu);
+ void (*halt_cpu)(enum pv_lock_stats type, s8 *state, s8 sval);
+ void (*lockstat)(enum pv_lock_stats type);
+#else
struct paravirt_callee_save lock_spinning;
void (*unlock_kick)(struct arch_spinlock *lock, __ticket_t ticket);
+#endif
};
/* This contains all the paravirt structures: we get a convenient
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
b/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
index d9041c9..17435b7 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/paravirt-spinlocks.c
@@ -11,9 +11,15 @@
#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
struct pv_lock_ops pv_lock_ops = {
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
+#ifdef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+ .kick_cpu = paravirt_nop,
+ .halt_cpu = paravirt_nop,
+ .lockstat = paravirt_nop,
+#else
.lock_spinning = __PV_IS_CALLEE_SAVE(paravirt_nop),
.unlock_kick = paravirt_nop,
#endif
+#endif
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pv_lock_ops);
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:43 UTC
[PATCH v11 13/16] pvqspinlock: Enable coexistence with the unfair lock
This patch enables the coexistence of both the PV qspinlock and
unfair lock. When both are enabled, however, only the lock fastpath
will perform lock stealing whereas the slowpath will have that disabled
to get the best of both features.
We also need to transition a CPU spinning too long in the pending
bit code path back to the regular queuing code path so that it can
be properly halted by the PV qspinlock code.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
1 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
index 93c663a..8deedcf 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -57,12 +57,24 @@
#include "mcs_spinlock.h"
/*
+ * Check the pending bit spinning threshold only if PV qspinlock is enabled
+ */
+#define PSPIN_THRESHOLD (1 << 10)
+#define MAX_NODES 4
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
+#define pv_qspinlock_enabled()
static_key_false(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled)
+#else
+#define pv_qspinlock_enabled() false
+#endif
+
+/*
* Per-CPU queue node structures; we can never have more than 4 nested
* contexts: task, softirq, hardirq, nmi.
*
* Exactly fits one cacheline.
*/
-static DEFINE_PER_CPU_ALIGNED(struct mcs_spinlock, mcs_nodes[4]);
+static DEFINE_PER_CPU_ALIGNED(struct mcs_spinlock, mcs_nodes[MAX_NODES]);
/*
* We must be able to distinguish between no-tail and the tail at 0:0,
@@ -265,6 +277,9 @@ static noinline void queue_spin_lock_slowerpath(struct
qspinlock *lock,
ACCESS_ONCE(prev->next) = node;
arch_mcs_spin_lock_contended(&node->locked);
+ } else {
+ /* Mark it as the queue head */
+ ACCESS_ONCE(node->locked) = true;
}
/*
@@ -344,14 +359,17 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
struct mcs_spinlock *node;
u32 new, old, tail;
int idx;
+ int retry = INT_MAX; /* Retry count, queue if <= 0 */
BUILD_BUG_ON(CONFIG_NR_CPUS >= (1U << _Q_TAIL_CPU_BITS));
#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS
/*
* A simple test and set unfair lock
+ * Disable waiter lock stealing if PV spinlock is enabled
*/
- if (static_key_false(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled)) {
+ if (!pv_qspinlock_enabled() &&
+ static_key_false(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled)) {
cpu_relax(); /* Relax after a failed lock attempt */
while (!queue_spin_trylock(lock))
cpu_relax();
@@ -360,6 +378,14 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
#endif /* CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS */
/*
+ * When PV qspinlock is enabled, exit the pending bit code path and
+ * go back to the regular queuing path if the lock isn't available
+ * within a certain threshold.
+ */
+ if (pv_qspinlock_enabled())
+ retry = PSPIN_THRESHOLD;
+
+ /*
* trylock || pending
*
* 0,0,0 -> 0,0,1 ; trylock
@@ -370,7 +396,7 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
* If we observe that the queue is not empty or both
* the pending and lock bits are set, queue
*/
- if ((val & _Q_TAIL_MASK) ||
+ if ((val & _Q_TAIL_MASK) || (retry-- <= 0) ||
(val == (_Q_LOCKED_VAL|_Q_PENDING_VAL)))
goto queue;
@@ -413,8 +439,21 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
* sequentiality; this because not all clear_pending_set_locked()
* implementations imply full barriers.
*/
- while ((val = smp_load_acquire(&lock->val.counter)) &
_Q_LOCKED_MASK)
+ while ((val = smp_load_acquire(&lock->val.counter)) &
_Q_LOCKED_MASK) {
+ if (pv_qspinlock_enabled() && (retry-- <= 0)) {
+ /*
+ * Clear the pending bit and queue
+ */
+ for (;;) {
+ new = val & ~_Q_PENDING_MASK;
+ old = atomic_cmpxchg(&lock->val, val, new);
+ if (old == val)
+ goto queue;
+ val = old;
+ }
+ }
arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
+ }
/*
* take ownership and clear the pending bit.
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:44 UTC
[PATCH v11 14/16] pvqspinlock: Add qspinlock para-virtualization support
This patch adds base para-virtualization support to the queue
spinlock in the same way as was done in the PV ticket lock code. In
essence, the lock waiters will spin for a specified number of times
(QSPIN_THRESHOLD = 2^14) and then halted itself. The queue head waiter,
unlike the other waiter, will spins 2*QSPIN_THRESHOLD times before
halting itself. Before being halted, the queue head waiter will set
a flag (_Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH) in the lock byte to indicate that the
unlock slowpath has to be invoked.
In the unlock slowpath, the current lock holder will find the queue
head by following the previous node pointer links stored in the queue
node structure until it finds one that has the qhead flag turned
on. It then attempt to kick in the CPU of the queue head.
After the queue head acquired the lock, it will also check the status
of the next node and set _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH flag if it has been halted.
Enabling the PV code does have a performance impact on spinlock
acquisitions and releases. The following table shows the execution
time (in ms) of a spinlock micro-benchmark that does lock/unlock
operations 5M times for each task versus the number of contending
tasks on a Westmere-EX system.
# of Ticket lock Queue lock
tasks PV off/PV on/%Change PV off/PV on/%Change
------ -------------------- ---------------------
1 135/ 179/+33% 137/ 168/+23%
2 1045/ 1103/ +6% 1161/ 1248/ +7%
3 1827/ 2683/+47% 2357/ 2600/+10%
4 2689/ 4191/+56% 2882/ 3115/ +8%
5 3736/ 5830/+56% 3493/ 3571/ +2%
6 4942/ 7609/+54% 4239/ 4198/ -1%
7 6304/ 9570/+52% 4931/ 4895/ -1%
8 7736/11323/+46% 5632/ 5588/ -1%
It can be seen that the ticket lock PV code has a fairly big decrease
in performance when there are 3 or more contending tasks. The queue
spinlock PV code, on the other hand, only has a relatively minor
drop in performance for with 1-4 contending tasks. With 5 or more
contending tasks, there is practically no difference in performance.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
arch/x86/include/asm/pvqspinlock.h | 359 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h | 33 ++++
kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 72 +++++++-
3 files changed, 458 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 arch/x86/include/asm/pvqspinlock.h
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/pvqspinlock.h
b/arch/x86/include/asm/pvqspinlock.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af00eda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/pvqspinlock.h
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+#ifndef _ASM_X86_PVQSPINLOCK_H
+#define _ASM_X86_PVQSPINLOCK_H
+
+/*
+ * Queue Spinlock Para-Virtualization (PV) Support
+ *
+ * +------+ +------+ +------+
+ * pv_qnode |Queue | prev | | prev |Queue |
+ * | Head |<-------| Node | .... <-| Tail |
+ * +------+ +------+ +------+
+ * | | |
+ * V V V
+ * +------+ +------+ +------+
+ * mcs_spinlock |locked| |locked| |locked|
+ * | = 1 |------->| = 0 |-> .... | = 0 |
+ * +------+ next +------+ next +------+
+ *
+ * The PV support code for queue spinlock is roughly the same as that
+ * of the ticket spinlock. Each CPU waiting for the lock will spin until it
+ * reaches a threshold. When that happens, it will put itself to halt so
+ * that the hypervisor can reuse the CPU cycles in some other guests as well
+ * as returning other hold-up CPUs faster.
+ *
+ * Auxillary fields in the pv_qnode structure are used to hold information
+ * relevant to the PV support so that it won't impact on the behavior and
+ * performance of the bare metal code. The structure contains a prev pointer
+ * so that a lock holder can find out the queue head from the queue tail
+ * following the prev pointers.
+ *
+ * A major difference between the two versions of PV spinlock is the fact
+ * that the spin threshold of the queue spinlock is half of that of the
+ * ticket spinlock. However, the queue head will spin twice as long as the
+ * other nodes before it puts itself to halt. The reason for that is to
+ * increase halting chance of heavily contended locks to favor lightly
+ * contended locks (queue depth of 1 or less).
+ *
+ * There are 2 places where races can happen:
+ * 1) Halting of the queue head CPU (in pv_head_spin_check) and the CPU
+ * kicking by the lock holder in the unlock path (in pv_kick_node).
+ * 2) Halting of the queue node CPU (in pv_queue_spin_check) and the
+ * the status check by the previous queue head (in pv_halt_check).
+ * See the comments on those functions to see how the races are being
+ * addressed.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Spin threshold for queue spinlock
+ */
+#define QSPIN_THRESHOLD (1U<<14)
+#define MAYHALT_THRESHOLD (QSPIN_THRESHOLD - 0x10)
+
+/*
+ * CPU state flags
+ */
+#define PV_CPU_ACTIVE 1 /* This CPU is active */
+#define PV_CPU_KICKED 2 /* This CPU is being kicked */
+#define PV_CPU_HALTED -1 /* This CPU is halted */
+
+/*
+ * Additional fields to be added to the queue node structure
+ *
+ * The size of the mcs_spinlock structure is 16 bytes for x64 and 12 bytes
+ * for i386. Four of those structures are defined per CPU. To add more fields
+ * without increasing the size of the mcs_spinlock structure, we overlay those
+ * additional data fields at an additional mcs_spinlock size bucket at exactly
+ * 3 units away. As a result, we need to double the number of mcs_spinlock
+ * buckets. The mcs_spinlock structure will be casted to the pv_qnode
+ * internally.
+ *
+ * +------------+------------+------------+------------+
+ * | MCS Node 0 | MCS Node 1 | MCS Node 2 | MCS Node 3 |
+ * +------------+------------+------------+------------+
+ * | PV Node 0 | PV Node 1 | PV Node 2 | PV Node 3 |
+ * +------------+------------+------------+------------+
+ */
+struct pv_qnode {
+ struct mcs_spinlock mcs; /* MCS node */
+ struct mcs_spinlock dummy[3]; /* 3 dummy MCS nodes */
+ s8 cpustate; /* CPU status flag */
+ s8 mayhalt; /* May be halted soon */
+ u32 mycpu; /* CPU number of this node */
+ struct pv_qnode *prev; /* Pointer to previous node */
+};
+
+#define qhead mcs.locked /* Queue head flag */
+
+/**
+ * pv_init_vars - initialize fields in struct pv_qnode
+ * @mcs: pointer to struct mcs_spinlock
+ * @cpu: current CPU number
+ */
+static inline void pv_init_vars(struct mcs_spinlock *node, int cpu)
+{
+ struct pv_qnode *pv = (struct pv_qnode *)node;
+
+ BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(struct pv_qnode) > 5*sizeof(struct mcs_spinlock));
+
+ if (!static_key_false(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled))
+ return;
+
+ pv->cpustate = PV_CPU_ACTIVE;
+ pv->prev = NULL;
+ pv->mayhalt = false;
+ pv->mycpu = cpu;
+}
+
+/**
+ * pv_head_spin_check - perform para-virtualization checks for queue head
+ * @mcs : pointer to the mcs_spinlock structure
+ * @lock : pointer to the qspinlock structure
+ * @count: loop count pointer
+ *
+ * This function will halt itself if lock is still not available after
+ * QSPIN_THRESHOLD iterations.
+ */
+static inline void
+pv_head_spin_check(struct mcs_spinlock *mcs, struct qspinlock *lock, int
*count)
+{
+ struct pv_qnode *pv = (struct pv_qnode *)mcs;
+
+ if (!static_key_false(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled))
+ return;
+
+ (*count)++;
+ if (pv->cpustate == PV_CPU_KICKED) {
+ /*
+ * Reset count and flag
+ */
+ pv->cpustate = PV_CPU_ACTIVE;
+ *count = 0;
+
+ } else if (unlikely(*count >= 2*QSPIN_THRESHOLD)) {
+ u8 lockval;
+ s8 oldstate;
+
+ /*
+ * Set the lock byte to _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH before
+ * trying to halt itself. It is possible that the
+ * lock byte had been set to _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH
+ * already (spurious wakeup of queue head after a halt
+ * or opportunistic setting in pv_halt_check()).
+ * In this case, just proceeds to sleeping.
+ *
+ * queue head lock holder
+ * ---------- -----------
+ * cpustate = PV_CPU_HALTED
+ * [1] cmpxchg(_Q_LOCKED_VAL [2] cmpxchg(_Q_LOCKED_VAL => 0)
+ * => _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH) if (cmpxchg fails &&
+ * if (cmpxchg succeeds) cpustate == PV_CPU_HALTED)
+ * halt() kick()
+ *
+ * Sequence:
+ * 1,2 - slowpath flag set, queue head halted & lock holder
+ * will call slowpath
+ * 2,1 - queue head cmpxchg fails, halt is aborted
+ *
+ * If the queue head CPU is woken up by a spurious interrupt
+ * at the same time as the lock holder check the cpustate,
+ * it is possible that the lock holder will try to kick
+ * the queue head CPU which isn't halted.
+ */
+ oldstate = cmpxchg(&pv->cpustate, PV_CPU_ACTIVE, PV_CPU_HALTED);
+ if (oldstate == PV_CPU_KICKED)
+ goto reset; /* Reset count and state */
+
+ lockval = cmpxchg((u8 *)lock,
+ _Q_LOCKED_VAL, _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH);
+ if (lockval != 0) {
+ __queue_halt_cpu(PV_HALT_QHEAD, &pv->cpustate,
+ PV_CPU_HALTED);
+ __queue_lockstat((pv->cpustate == PV_CPU_KICKED)
+ ? PV_WAKE_KICKED : PV_WAKE_SPURIOUS);
+ }
+ /*
+ * Else, the lock is free and no halting is needed
+ */
+reset:
+ ACCESS_ONCE(pv->cpustate) = PV_CPU_ACTIVE;
+ *count = 0; /* Reset count */
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * pv_queue_spin_check - perform para-virtualization checks for queue member
+ * @mcs : pointer to the mcs_spinlock structure
+ * @count: loop count pointer
+ */
+static inline void pv_queue_spin_check(struct mcs_spinlock *mcs, int *count)
+{
+ struct pv_qnode *pv = (struct pv_qnode *)mcs;
+
+ if (!static_key_false(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled))
+ return;
+ /*
+ * Attempt to halt oneself after QSPIN_THRESHOLD spins
+ */
+ (*count)++;
+ if (unlikely(*count >= QSPIN_THRESHOLD)) {
+ /*
+ * Time to halt itself
+ */
+ ACCESS_ONCE(pv->cpustate) = PV_CPU_HALTED;
+ /*
+ * One way to avoid the racing between pv_halt_check()
+ * and pv_queue_spin_check() is to use memory barrier or
+ * atomic instruction to synchronize between the two competing
+ * threads. However, that will slow down the queue spinlock
+ * slowpath. One way to eliminate this overhead for normal
+ * cases is to use another flag (mayhalt) to indicate that
+ * racing condition may happen. This flag is set when the
+ * loop count is getting close to the halting threshold.
+ *
+ * When that happens, a 2 variables (cpustate & qhead
+ * [=mcs->locked]) handshake is used to make sure that
+ * pv_halt_check() won't miss setting the _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH
+ * when the CPU is about to be halted.
+ *
+ * pv_halt_check pv_queue_spin_check
+ * ------------- -------------------
+ * [1] qhead = true [3] cpustate = PV_CPU_HALTED
+ * smp_mb() smp_mb()
+ * [2] if (cpustate [4] if (qhead)
+ * == PV_CPU_HALTED)
+ *
+ * Sequence:
+ * *,1,*,4,* - halt is aborted as the qhead flag is set,
+ * _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH may or may not be set
+ * 3,4,1,2 - the CPU is halt and _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH is set
+ */
+ smp_mb();
+ if (!ACCESS_ONCE(pv->qhead)) {
+ /*
+ * Halt the CPU only if it is not the queue head
+ */
+ __queue_halt_cpu(PV_HALT_QNODE, &pv->cpustate,
+ PV_CPU_HALTED);
+ __queue_lockstat((pv->cpustate == PV_CPU_KICKED)
+ ? PV_WAKE_KICKED : PV_WAKE_SPURIOUS);
+ }
+ ACCESS_ONCE(pv->cpustate) = PV_CPU_ACTIVE;
+ *count = 0; /* Reset count & flag */
+ pv->mayhalt = false;
+ } else if (*count == MAYHALT_THRESHOLD) {
+ pv->mayhalt = true;
+ /*
+ * Make sure that the mayhalt flag is visible to others
+ * before proceeding.
+ */
+ smp_mb();
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * pv_halt_check - check if the CPU has been halted & set
_Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH
+ * @mcs : pointer to the mcs_spinlock structure
+ * @count: loop count
+ *
+ * The current CPU should have gotten the lock and the queue head flag set
+ * before calling this function.
+ */
+static inline void
+pv_halt_check(struct mcs_spinlock *mcs, struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ struct pv_qnode *pv = (struct pv_qnode *)mcs;
+
+ if (!static_key_false(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled))
+ return;
+ /*
+ * Halt state checking will only be done if the mayhalt flag is set
+ * to avoid the overhead of the memory barrier in normal cases.
+ * It is highly unlikely that the actual writing to the qhead flag
+ * will be more than 0x10 iterations later than the reading of the
+ * mayhalt flag so that it misses seeing the PV_CPU_HALTED state
+ * which causes lost wakeup.
+ */
+ if (ACCESS_ONCE(pv->mayhalt)) {
+ /*
+ * A memory barrier is used here to make sure that the setting
+ * of queue head flag prior to this function call is visible
+ * to others before checking the cpustate flag.
+ */
+ smp_mb();
+ if (pv->cpustate == PV_CPU_HALTED)
+ ACCESS_ONCE(*(u8 *)lock) = _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH;
+ }
+}
+
+/**
+ * pv_set_prev - set previous queue node pointer
+ * @mcs : pointer to the mcs_spinlock structure
+ * @prev: pointer to the previous pv_qnode
+ */
+static inline void
+pv_set_prev(struct mcs_spinlock *mcs, struct mcs_spinlock *prev)
+{
+ struct pv_qnode *pv = (struct pv_qnode *)mcs;
+
+ ACCESS_ONCE(pv->prev) = (struct pv_qnode *)prev;
+ /*
+ * Make sure the prev field is set up before others
+ */
+ smp_wmb();
+}
+
+/*
+ * The following inlined functions are being used by the
+ * queue_spin_unlock_slowpath() function.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * pv_tail_to_qhead - get queue head pv_qnode from tail code
+ * @tail : pointer to queue tail code
+ * @Return: mcs_spinlock pointer of queue head
+ *
+ * This function should only be called by the current lock holder so that
+ * the queue head won't be changed.
+ */
+static struct mcs_spinlock *pv_tail_to_qhead(u32 tail)
+{
+ struct pv_qnode *prev, *pv = (struct pv_qnode *)decode_tail(tail);
+
+ /*
+ * Locate the queue head node by following the prev pointer from
+ * tail to head. It is assumed that the PV guests won't have that
+ * many CPUs so that it won't take a long time to follow the pointers.
+ */
+ while (!ACCESS_ONCE(pv->qhead)) {
+ prev = ACCESS_ONCE(pv->prev);
+ if (prev)
+ pv = prev;
+ else
+ /*
+ * Delay a bit to allow the prev pointer or the queue
+ * head flag to be set up
+ */
+ cpu_relax();
+ }
+ return (struct mcs_spinlock *)pv;
+}
+
+/**
+ * pv_kick_node - kick up the CPU of the given node
+ * @mcs : pointer to struct mcs_spinlock of the node to be kicked
+ */
+static inline void pv_kick_node(struct mcs_spinlock *mcs)
+{
+ struct pv_qnode *pv = (struct pv_qnode *)mcs;
+ s8 oldstate = xchg(&pv->cpustate, PV_CPU_KICKED);
+
+ /*
+ * Kick up the CPU only if the state was set to PV_CPU_HALTED
+ */
+ if (oldstate != PV_CPU_HALTED)
+ __queue_lockstat(PV_KICK_NOHALT);
+ else
+ __queue_kick_cpu(pv->mycpu);
+}
+
+#endif /* _ASM_X86_PVQSPINLOCK_H */
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h
index 448de8b..5ddc456 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/qspinlock.h
@@ -19,13 +19,46 @@ extern struct static_key virt_unfairlocks_enabled;
* that the clearing the lock bit is done ASAP without artificial delay
* due to compiler optimization.
*/
+#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
+static __always_inline void __queue_spin_unlock(struct qspinlock *lock)
+#else
static inline void queue_spin_unlock(struct qspinlock *lock)
+#endif
{
barrier();
ACCESS_ONCE(*(u8 *)lock) = 0;
barrier();
}
+#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
+/*
+ * The lock byte can have a value of _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH to indicate
+ * that it needs to go through the slowpath to do the unlocking.
+ */
+#define _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH (_Q_LOCKED_VAL | 2)
+
+extern void queue_spin_unlock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock);
+
+static inline void queue_spin_unlock(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ barrier();
+ if (static_key_false(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled)) {
+ /*
+ * Need to atomically clear the lock byte to avoid racing with
+ * queue head waiter trying to set _QLOCK_LOCKED_SLOWPATH.
+ */
+ if (likely(cmpxchg((u8 *)lock, _Q_LOCKED_VAL, 0)
+ == _Q_LOCKED_VAL))
+ return;
+ else
+ queue_spin_unlock_slowpath(lock);
+
+ } else {
+ __queue_spin_unlock(lock);
+ }
+ barrier();
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS */
#endif /* !CONFIG_X86_OOSTORE && !CONFIG_X86_PPRO_FENCE */
#include <asm-generic/qspinlock.h>
diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
index 8deedcf..adedd75 100644
--- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
+++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c
@@ -60,12 +60,17 @@
* Check the pending bit spinning threshold only if PV qspinlock is enabled
*/
#define PSPIN_THRESHOLD (1 << 10)
-#define MAX_NODES 4
+/*
+ * We need to double the number of per-cpu mcs_spinlock structures to hold
+ * additional fields specific to para-virtualization support.
+ */
#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
-#define pv_qspinlock_enabled()
static_key_false(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled)
+# define MAX_NODES 8
+# define pv_qspinlock_enabled()
static_key_false(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled)
#else
-#define pv_qspinlock_enabled() false
+# define MAX_NODES 4
+# define pv_qspinlock_enabled() false
#endif
/*
@@ -243,6 +248,22 @@ static __always_inline int try_set_locked(struct qspinlock
*lock)
return 1;
}
+/*
+ * Para-virtualization (PV) queue spinlock support
+ */
+#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
+#include <asm/pvqspinlock.h>
+#else
+static inline void pv_init_vars(struct mcs_spinlock *mcs, int cpu) {}
+static inline void pv_head_spin_check(struct mcs_spinlock *mcs,
+ struct qspinlock *lock, int *count) {}
+static inline void pv_queue_spin_check(struct mcs_spinlock *mcs,
+ int *count) {}
+static inline void pv_halt_check(struct mcs_spinlock *mcs, void *lock) {}
+static inline void pv_set_prev(struct mcs_spinlock *mcs,
+ struct mcs_spinlock *prev) {}
+#endif /* CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS */
+
/**
* queue_spin_lock_slowerpath - a slower patch for acquiring queue spinlock
* @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure
@@ -260,6 +281,7 @@ static noinline void queue_spin_lock_slowerpath(struct
qspinlock *lock,
{
struct mcs_spinlock *prev, *next;
u32 val, old;
+ int hcnt = 0; /* Queue head loop counter */
/*
* we already touched the queueing cacheline; don't bother with pending
@@ -273,9 +295,16 @@ static noinline void queue_spin_lock_slowerpath(struct
qspinlock *lock,
* if there was a previous node; link it and wait.
*/
if (old & _Q_TAIL_MASK) {
+ int qcnt = 0; /* Queue node loop counter */
+
prev = decode_tail(old);
+ pv_set_prev(node, prev);
ACCESS_ONCE(prev->next) = node;
+ while (!smp_load_acquire(&node->locked)) {
+ pv_queue_spin_check(node, &qcnt);
+ arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
+ }
arch_mcs_spin_lock_contended(&node->locked);
} else {
/* Mark it as the queue head */
@@ -292,8 +321,14 @@ static noinline void queue_spin_lock_slowerpath(struct
qspinlock *lock,
*/
retry_queue_wait:
while ((val = smp_load_acquire(&lock->val.counter))
- & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK)
+ & _Q_LOCKED_PENDING_MASK) {
+ /*
+ * Perform queue head para-virtualization checks
+ */
+ pv_head_spin_check(node, lock, &hcnt);
arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
+ }
+ hcnt = 0; /* Reset loop count */
/*
* claim the lock:
@@ -331,6 +366,7 @@ retry_queue_wait:
arch_mutex_cpu_relax();
arch_mcs_spin_unlock_contended(&next->locked);
+ pv_halt_check(next, lock);
}
/**
@@ -358,7 +394,7 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
{
struct mcs_spinlock *node;
u32 new, old, tail;
- int idx;
+ int idx, cpu_nr;
int retry = INT_MAX; /* Retry count, queue if <= 0 */
BUILD_BUG_ON(CONFIG_NR_CPUS >= (1U << _Q_TAIL_CPU_BITS));
@@ -470,11 +506,12 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32
val)
queue:
node = this_cpu_ptr(&mcs_nodes[0]);
idx = node->count++;
- tail = encode_tail(smp_processor_id(), idx);
+ tail = encode_tail(cpu_nr = smp_processor_id(), idx);
node += idx;
node->locked = 0;
node->next = NULL;
+ pv_init_vars(node, cpu_nr);
/*
* We touched a (possibly) cold cacheline in the per-cpu queue node;
@@ -490,3 +527,26 @@ queue:
this_cpu_dec(mcs_nodes[0].count);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(queue_spin_lock_slowpath);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
+/**
+ * queue_spin_unlock_slowpath - kick up the CPU of the queue head
+ * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure
+ *
+ * The lock is released after finding the queue head to avoid racing
+ * condition between the queue head and the lock holder.
+ */
+void queue_spin_unlock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock)
+{
+ struct mcs_spinlock *node = pv_tail_to_qhead(atomic_read(&lock->val));
+
+ /*
+ * Found the queue head, now release the lock before waking it up
+ * If unfair lock is enabled, this allows other ready tasks to get
+ * lock before the halting CPU is waken up.
+ */
+ __queue_spin_unlock(lock);
+ pv_kick_node(node);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(queue_spin_unlock_slowpath);
+#endif /* CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS */
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:44 UTC
[PATCH v11 15/16] pvqspinlock, x86: Enable PV qspinlock PV for KVM
This patch adds the necessary KVM specific code to allow KVM to
support the CPU halting and kicking operations needed by the queue
spinlock PV code.
Two KVM guests of 20 CPU cores (2 nodes) were created for performance
testing in one of the following three configurations:
1) Only 1 VM is active
2) Both VMs are active and they share the same 20 physical CPUs
(200% overcommit)
The tests run included the disk workload of the AIM7 benchmark on both
ext4 and xfs RAM disks at 3000 users on a 3.15-rc7 based kernel. The
"ebizzy -m" test was was also run and its performance data were
recorded. With two VMs running, the "idle=poll" kernel option was
added to simulate a busy guest. The entry "unfair + PV qspinlock"
below means that both the unfair lock and PV spinlock configuration
options were turned on.
AIM7 XFS Disk Test (no overcommit)
kernel JPM Real Time Sys Time Usr Time
----- --- --------- -------- --------
PV ticketlock 2521008 7.24 101.02 5.24
qspinlock 2571429 7.00 99.10 5.49
PV qspinlock 2535211 7.10 100.32 5.45
unfair qspinlock 2571429 7.00 99.25 5.40
unfair + PV qspinlock 2549575 7.06 99.81 5.31
AIM7 XFS Disk Test (200% overcommit)
kernel JPM Real Time Sys Time Usr Time
----- --- --------- -------- --------
PV ticketlock 768902 23.41 341.71 3.07
qspinlock 784656 22.94 346.22 2.90
PV qspinlock 773861 23.26 352.47 2.30
unfair qspinlock 835655 21.54 316.52 1.57
unfair + PV qspinlock 797165 22.58 323.95 3.58
AIM7 EXT4 Disk Test (no overcommit)
kernel JPM Real Time Sys Time Usr Time
----- --- --------- -------- --------
PV ticketlock 1956522 9.20 106.58 5.35
qspinlock 1995565 9.02 103.19 5.37
PV qspinlock 1958651 9.19 106.57 5.30
unfair qspinlock 2022472 8.90 103.58 5.37
unfair + PV qspinlock 1991150 9.04 104.41 5.46
AIM7 EXT4 Disk Test (200% overcommit)
kernel JPM Real Time Sys Time Usr Time
----- --- --------- -------- --------
PV ticketlock 576553 31.22 407.44 1.51
qspinlock 609550 29.53 407.14 1.69
PV qspinlock 592105 30.40 410.51 1.67
unfair qspinlock 672897 26.75 359.78 1.66
unfair + PV qspinlock 670391 26.85 357.09 0.63
EBIZZY-M Test (no overcommit)
kernel Rec/s Real Time Sys Time Usr Time
----- ----- --------- -------- --------
PV ticketlock 1328 10.00 82.82 1.46
qspinlock 1679 10.00 65.37 1.80
PV qspinlock 1470 10.00 75.54 1.54
unfair qspinlock 1518 10.00 70.80 1.71
unfair + PV qspinlock 1585 10.00 69.02 1.76
EBIZZY-M Test (200% overcommit)
kernel Rec/s Real Time Sys Time Usr Time
----- ----- --------- -------- --------
PV ticketlock 453 10.00 77.11 0.00
qspinlock 459 10.00 77.50 0.00
PV qspinlock 402 10.00 91.55 0.00
unfair qspinlock 570 10.00 62.98 0.00
unfair + PV qspinlock 586 10.00 59.68 0.00
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
Tested-by: Raghavendra K T <raghavendra.kt at linux.vnet.ibm.com>
---
arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c | 135 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
kernel/Kconfig.locks | 2 +-
2 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c b/arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c
index 7ab8ab3..eef427b 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/kvm.c
@@ -567,6 +567,7 @@ static void kvm_kick_cpu(int cpu)
kvm_hypercall2(KVM_HC_KICK_CPU, flags, apicid);
}
+#ifndef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
enum kvm_contention_stat {
TAKEN_SLOW,
TAKEN_SLOW_PICKUP,
@@ -794,6 +795,134 @@ static void kvm_unlock_kick(struct arch_spinlock *lock,
__ticket_t ticket)
}
}
}
+#else /* !CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_KVM_DEBUG_FS
+static struct dentry *d_spin_debug;
+static struct dentry *d_kvm_debug;
+static u32 kick_nohlt_stats; /* Kick but not halt count */
+static u32 halt_qhead_stats; /* Queue head halting count */
+static u32 halt_qnode_stats; /* Queue node halting count */
+static u32 halt_abort_stats; /* Halting abort count */
+static u32 wake_kick_stats; /* Wakeup by kicking count */
+static u32 wake_spur_stats; /* Spurious wakeup count */
+static u64 time_blocked; /* Total blocking time */
+
+static int __init kvm_spinlock_debugfs(void)
+{
+ d_kvm_debug = debugfs_create_dir("kvm-guest", NULL);
+ if (!d_kvm_debug) {
+ printk(KERN_WARNING
+ "Could not create 'kvm' debugfs directory\n");
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ }
+ d_spin_debug = debugfs_create_dir("spinlocks", d_kvm_debug);
+
+ debugfs_create_u32("kick_nohlt_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &kick_nohlt_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u32("halt_qhead_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &halt_qhead_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u32("halt_qnode_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &halt_qnode_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u32("halt_abort_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &halt_abort_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u32("wake_kick_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &wake_kick_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u32("wake_spur_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &wake_spur_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u64("time_blocked",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &time_blocked);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void kvm_halt_stats(enum pv_lock_stats type)
+{
+ if (type == PV_HALT_QHEAD)
+ add_smp(&halt_qhead_stats, 1);
+ else if (type == PV_HALT_QNODE)
+ add_smp(&halt_qnode_stats, 1);
+ else /* type == PV_HALT_ABORT */
+ add_smp(&halt_abort_stats, 1);
+}
+
+static inline void kvm_lock_stats(enum pv_lock_stats type)
+{
+ if (type == PV_WAKE_KICKED)
+ add_smp(&wake_kick_stats, 1);
+ else if (type == PV_WAKE_SPURIOUS)
+ add_smp(&wake_spur_stats, 1);
+ else /* type == PV_KICK_NOHALT */
+ add_smp(&kick_nohlt_stats, 1);
+}
+
+static inline u64 spin_time_start(void)
+{
+ return sched_clock();
+}
+
+static inline void spin_time_accum_blocked(u64 start)
+{
+ u64 delta;
+
+ delta = sched_clock() - start;
+ add_smp(&time_blocked, delta);
+}
+
+fs_initcall(kvm_spinlock_debugfs);
+
+#else /* CONFIG_KVM_DEBUG_FS */
+static inline void kvm_halt_stats(enum pv_lock_stats type)
+{
+}
+
+static inline void kvm_lock_stats(enum pv_lock_stats type)
+{
+}
+
+static inline u64 spin_time_start(void)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void spin_time_accum_blocked(u64 start)
+{
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_KVM_DEBUG_FS */
+
+/*
+ * Halt the current CPU & release it back to the host
+ */
+static void kvm_halt_cpu(enum pv_lock_stats type, s8 *state, s8 sval)
+{
+ unsigned long flags;
+ u64 start;
+
+ if (in_nmi())
+ return;
+
+ /*
+ * Make sure an interrupt handler can't upset things in a
+ * partially setup state.
+ */
+ local_irq_save(flags);
+ /*
+ * Don't halt if the CPU state has been changed.
+ */
+ if (ACCESS_ONCE(*state) != sval) {
+ kvm_halt_stats(PV_HALT_ABORT);
+ goto out;
+ }
+ start = spin_time_start();
+ kvm_halt_stats(type);
+ if (arch_irqs_disabled_flags(flags))
+ halt();
+ else
+ safe_halt();
+ spin_time_accum_blocked(start);
+out:
+ local_irq_restore(flags);
+}
+#endif /* !CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK */
/*
* Setup pv_lock_ops to exploit KVM_FEATURE_PV_UNHALT if present.
@@ -806,8 +935,14 @@ void __init kvm_spinlock_init(void)
if (!kvm_para_has_feature(KVM_FEATURE_PV_UNHALT))
return;
+#ifdef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+ pv_lock_ops.kick_cpu = kvm_kick_cpu;
+ pv_lock_ops.halt_cpu = kvm_halt_cpu;
+ pv_lock_ops.lockstat = kvm_lock_stats;
+#else
pv_lock_ops.lock_spinning = PV_CALLEE_SAVE(kvm_lock_spinning);
pv_lock_ops.unlock_kick = kvm_unlock_kick;
+#endif
}
static __init int kvm_spinlock_init_jump(void)
diff --git a/kernel/Kconfig.locks b/kernel/Kconfig.locks
index f185584..a70fdeb 100644
--- a/kernel/Kconfig.locks
+++ b/kernel/Kconfig.locks
@@ -229,4 +229,4 @@ config ARCH_USE_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
config QUEUE_SPINLOCK
def_bool y if ARCH_USE_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
- depends on SMP && !PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
+ depends on SMP && (!PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS || !XEN)
--
1.7.1
Waiman Long
2014-May-30 15:44 UTC
[PATCH v11 16/16] pvqspinlock, x86: Enable PV qspinlock for XEN
This patch adds the necessary XEN specific code to allow XEN to
support the CPU halting and kicking operations needed by the queue
spinlock PV code.
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long at hp.com>
---
arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c | 147 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
kernel/Kconfig.locks | 2 +-
2 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c b/arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c
index d1b6a32..2a259bb 100644
--- a/arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c
+++ b/arch/x86/xen/spinlock.c
@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@
#include "xen-ops.h"
#include "debugfs.h"
+static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, lock_kicker_irq) = -1;
+static DEFINE_PER_CPU(char *, irq_name);
+static bool xen_pvspin = true;
+
+#ifndef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+
enum xen_contention_stat {
TAKEN_SLOW,
TAKEN_SLOW_PICKUP,
@@ -100,12 +106,9 @@ struct xen_lock_waiting {
__ticket_t want;
};
-static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, lock_kicker_irq) = -1;
-static DEFINE_PER_CPU(char *, irq_name);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct xen_lock_waiting, lock_waiting);
static cpumask_t waiting_cpus;
-static bool xen_pvspin = true;
__visible void xen_lock_spinning(struct arch_spinlock *lock, __ticket_t want)
{
int irq = __this_cpu_read(lock_kicker_irq);
@@ -213,6 +216,118 @@ static void xen_unlock_kick(struct arch_spinlock *lock,
__ticket_t next)
}
}
+#else /* CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_XEN_DEBUG_FS
+static u32 kick_nohlt_stats; /* Kick but not halt count */
+static u32 halt_qhead_stats; /* Queue head halting count */
+static u32 halt_qnode_stats; /* Queue node halting count */
+static u32 halt_abort_stats; /* Halting abort count */
+static u32 wake_kick_stats; /* Wakeup by kicking count */
+static u32 wake_spur_stats; /* Spurious wakeup count */
+static u64 time_blocked; /* Total blocking time */
+
+static inline void xen_halt_stats(enum pv_lock_stats type)
+{
+ if (type == PV_HALT_QHEAD)
+ add_smp(&halt_qhead_stats, 1);
+ else if (type == PV_HALT_QNODE)
+ add_smp(&halt_qnode_stats, 1);
+ else /* type == PV_HALT_ABORT */
+ add_smp(&halt_abort_stats, 1);
+}
+
+static inline void xen_lock_stats(enum pv_lock_stats type)
+{
+ if (type == PV_WAKE_KICKED)
+ add_smp(&wake_kick_stats, 1);
+ else if (type == PV_WAKE_SPURIOUS)
+ add_smp(&wake_spur_stats, 1);
+ else /* type == PV_KICK_NOHALT */
+ add_smp(&kick_nohlt_stats, 1);
+}
+
+static inline u64 spin_time_start(void)
+{
+ return sched_clock();
+}
+
+static inline void spin_time_accum_blocked(u64 start)
+{
+ u64 delta;
+
+ delta = sched_clock() - start;
+ add_smp(&time_blocked, delta);
+}
+#else /* CONFIG_XEN_DEBUG_FS */
+static inline void xen_halt_stats(enum pv_lock_stats type)
+{
+}
+
+static inline void xen_lock_stats(enum pv_lock_stats type)
+{
+}
+
+static inline u64 spin_time_start(void)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void spin_time_accum_blocked(u64 start)
+{
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_XEN_DEBUG_FS */
+
+static void xen_kick_cpu(int cpu)
+{
+ xen_send_IPI_one(cpu, XEN_SPIN_UNLOCK_VECTOR);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Halt the current CPU & release it back to the host
+ */
+static void xen_halt_cpu(enum pv_lock_stats type, s8 *state, s8 sval)
+{
+ int irq = __this_cpu_read(lock_kicker_irq);
+ unsigned long flags;
+ u64 start;
+
+ /* If kicker interrupts not initialized yet, just spin */
+ if (irq == -1)
+ return;
+
+ /*
+ * Make sure an interrupt handler can't upset things in a
+ * partially setup state.
+ */
+ local_irq_save(flags);
+ start = spin_time_start();
+
+ xen_halt_stats(type);
+ /* clear pending */
+ xen_clear_irq_pending(irq);
+
+ /* Allow interrupts while blocked */
+ local_irq_restore(flags);
+ /*
+ * Don't halt if the CPU state has been changed.
+ */
+ if (ACCESS_ONCE(*state) != sval) {
+ xen_halt_stats(PV_HALT_ABORT);
+ return;
+ }
+ /*
+ * If an interrupt happens here, it will leave the wakeup irq
+ * pending, which will cause xen_poll_irq() to return
+ * immediately.
+ */
+
+ /* Block until irq becomes pending (or perhaps a spurious wakeup) */
+ xen_poll_irq(irq);
+ spin_time_accum_blocked(start);
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK */
+
static irqreturn_t dummy_handler(int irq, void *dev_id)
{
BUG();
@@ -258,7 +373,6 @@ void xen_uninit_lock_cpu(int cpu)
per_cpu(irq_name, cpu) = NULL;
}
-
/*
* Our init of PV spinlocks is split in two init functions due to us
* using paravirt patching and jump labels patching and having to do
@@ -275,8 +389,15 @@ void __init xen_init_spinlocks(void)
return;
}
printk(KERN_DEBUG "xen: PV spinlocks enabled\n");
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
+ pv_lock_ops.kick_cpu = xen_kick_cpu;
+ pv_lock_ops.halt_cpu = xen_halt_cpu;
+ pv_lock_ops.lockstat = xen_lock_stats;
+#else
pv_lock_ops.lock_spinning = PV_CALLEE_SAVE(xen_lock_spinning);
pv_lock_ops.unlock_kick = xen_unlock_kick;
+#endif
}
/*
@@ -321,6 +442,7 @@ static int __init xen_spinlock_debugfs(void)
d_spin_debug = debugfs_create_dir("spinlocks", d_xen);
+#ifndef CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
debugfs_create_u8("zero_stats", 0644, d_spin_debug,
&zero_stats);
debugfs_create_u32("taken_slow", 0444, d_spin_debug,
@@ -340,7 +462,22 @@ static int __init xen_spinlock_debugfs(void)
debugfs_create_u32_array("histo_blocked", 0444, d_spin_debug,
spinlock_stats.histo_spin_blocked, HISTO_BUCKETS + 1);
-
+#else /* CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK */
+ debugfs_create_u32("kick_nohlt_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &kick_nohlt_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u32("halt_qhead_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &halt_qhead_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u32("halt_qnode_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &halt_qnode_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u32("halt_abort_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &halt_abort_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u32("wake_kick_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &wake_kick_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u32("wake_spur_stats",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &wake_spur_stats);
+ debugfs_create_u64("time_blocked",
+ 0644, d_spin_debug, &time_blocked);
+#endif /* CONFIG_QUEUE_SPINLOCK */
return 0;
}
fs_initcall(xen_spinlock_debugfs);
diff --git a/kernel/Kconfig.locks b/kernel/Kconfig.locks
index a70fdeb..451e392 100644
--- a/kernel/Kconfig.locks
+++ b/kernel/Kconfig.locks
@@ -229,4 +229,4 @@ config ARCH_USE_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
config QUEUE_SPINLOCK
def_bool y if ARCH_USE_QUEUE_SPINLOCK
- depends on SMP && (!PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS || !XEN)
+ depends on SMP
--
1.7.1
Peter Zijlstra
2014-Jun-11 10:26 UTC
[PATCH v11 06/16] qspinlock: prolong the stay in the pending bit path
On Fri, May 30, 2014 at 11:43:52AM -0400, Waiman Long wrote:> --- > kernel/locking/qspinlock.c | 18 ++++++++++++++++-- > 1 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) > > diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c > index fc7fd8c..7f10758 100644 > --- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c > +++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c > @@ -233,11 +233,25 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 val) > */ > for (;;) { > /* > - * If we observe any contention; queue. > + * If we observe that the queue is not empty or both > + * the pending and lock bits are set, queue > */ > - if (val & ~_Q_LOCKED_MASK) > + if ((val & _Q_TAIL_MASK) || > + (val == (_Q_LOCKED_VAL|_Q_PENDING_VAL))) > goto queue; > > + if (val == _Q_PENDING_VAL) { > + /* > + * Pending bit is set, but not the lock bit. > + * Assuming that the pending bit holder is going to > + * set the lock bit and clear the pending bit soon, > + * it is better to wait than to exit at this point. > + */ > + cpu_relax(); > + val = atomic_read(&lock->val); > + continue; > + } > + > new = _Q_LOCKED_VAL; > if (val == new) > new |= _Q_PENDING_VAL;So, again, you just posted a new version without replying to the previous discussion; so let me try again, what's wrong with the proposal here: lkml.kernel.org/r/20140417163640.GT11096 at twins.programming.kicks-ass.net -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: not available Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 836 bytes Desc: not available URL: <http://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/virtualization/attachments/20140611/3db76015/attachment.sig>
Peter Zijlstra
2014-Jun-11 10:54 UTC
[PATCH v11 09/16] qspinlock, x86: Allow unfair spinlock in a virtual guest
On Fri, May 30, 2014 at 11:43:55AM -0400, Waiman Long wrote:> Enabling this configuration feature causes a slight decrease the > performance of an uncontended lock-unlock operation by about 1-2% > mainly due to the use of a static key. However, uncontended lock-unlock > operation are really just a tiny percentage of a real workload. So > there should no noticeable change in application performance.No, entirely unacceptable.> +#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS > +/** > + * queue_spin_trylock_unfair - try to acquire the queue spinlock unfairly > + * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure > + * Return: 1 if lock acquired, 0 if failed > + */ > +static __always_inline int queue_spin_trylock_unfair(struct qspinlock *lock) > +{ > + union arch_qspinlock *qlock = (union arch_qspinlock *)lock; > + > + if (!qlock->locked && (cmpxchg(&qlock->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) > + return 1; > + return 0; > +} > + > +/** > + * queue_spin_lock_unfair - acquire a queue spinlock unfairly > + * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure > + */ > +static __always_inline void queue_spin_lock_unfair(struct qspinlock *lock) > +{ > + union arch_qspinlock *qlock = (union arch_qspinlock *)lock; > + > + if (likely(cmpxchg(&qlock->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0)) > + return; > + /* > + * Since the lock is now unfair, we should not activate the 2-task > + * pending bit spinning code path which disallows lock stealing. > + */ > + queue_spin_lock_slowpath(lock, -1); > +}Why is this needed?> +/* > + * Redefine arch_spin_lock and arch_spin_trylock as inline functions that will > + * jump to the unfair versions if the static key virt_unfairlocks_enabled > + * is true. > + */ > +#undef arch_spin_lock > +#undef arch_spin_trylock > +#undef arch_spin_lock_flags > + > +/** > + * arch_spin_lock - acquire a queue spinlock > + * @lock: Pointer to queue spinlock structure > + */ > +static inline void arch_spin_lock(struct qspinlock *lock) > +{ > + if (static_key_false(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled)) > + queue_spin_lock_unfair(lock); > + else > + queue_spin_lock(lock); > +} > + > +/** > + * arch_spin_trylock - try to acquire the queue spinlock > + * @lock : Pointer to queue spinlock structure > + * Return: 1 if lock acquired, 0 if failed > + */ > +static inline int arch_spin_trylock(struct qspinlock *lock) > +{ > + if (static_key_false(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled)) > + return queue_spin_trylock_unfair(lock); > + else > + return queue_spin_trylock(lock); > +}So I really don't see the point of all this? Why do you need special {try,}lock paths for this case? Are you worried about the upper 24bits?> diff --git a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c > index ae1b19d..3723c83 100644 > --- a/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c > +++ b/kernel/locking/qspinlock.c > @@ -217,6 +217,14 @@ static __always_inline int try_set_locked(struct qspinlock *lock) > { > struct __qspinlock *l = (void *)lock; > > +#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS > + /* > + * Need to use atomic operation to grab the lock when lock stealing > + * can happen. > + */ > + if (static_key_false(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled)) > + return cmpxchg(&l->locked, 0, _Q_LOCKED_VAL) == 0; > +#endif > barrier(); > ACCESS_ONCE(l->locked) = _Q_LOCKED_VAL; > barrier();Why? If we have a simple test-and-set lock like below, we'll never get here at all.> @@ -252,6 +260,18 @@ void queue_spin_lock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock, u32 val) > > BUILD_BUG_ON(CONFIG_NR_CPUS >= (1U << _Q_TAIL_CPU_BITS)); > > +#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS > + /* > + * A simple test and set unfair lock > + */ > + if (static_key_false(&virt_unfairlocks_enabled)) { > + cpu_relax(); /* Relax after a failed lock attempt */Meh, I don't think anybody can tell the difference if you put that in or not, therefore don't.> + while (!queue_spin_trylock(lock)) > + cpu_relax(); > + return; > + } > +#endif /* CONFIG_VIRT_UNFAIR_LOCKS */If you're really worried about those upper 24bits, you can always clear them when you get here. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: not available Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 836 bytes Desc: not available URL: <http://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/virtualization/attachments/20140611/d0051b8c/attachment.sig>
Peter Zijlstra
2014-Jun-12 08:17 UTC
[PATCH v11 14/16] pvqspinlock: Add qspinlock para-virtualization support
On Fri, May 30, 2014 at 11:44:00AM -0400, Waiman Long wrote:> @@ -19,13 +19,46 @@ extern struct static_key virt_unfairlocks_enabled; > * that the clearing the lock bit is done ASAP without artificial delay > * due to compiler optimization. > */ > +#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS > +static __always_inline void __queue_spin_unlock(struct qspinlock *lock) > +#else > static inline void queue_spin_unlock(struct qspinlock *lock) > +#endif > { > barrier(); > ACCESS_ONCE(*(u8 *)lock) = 0; > barrier(); > } > > +#ifdef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS > +/* > + * The lock byte can have a value of _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH to indicate > + * that it needs to go through the slowpath to do the unlocking. > + */ > +#define _Q_LOCKED_SLOWPATH (_Q_LOCKED_VAL | 2) > + > +extern void queue_spin_unlock_slowpath(struct qspinlock *lock); > + > +static inline void queue_spin_unlock(struct qspinlock *lock) > +{ > + barrier(); > + if (static_key_false(¶virt_spinlocks_enabled)) { > + /* > + * Need to atomically clear the lock byte to avoid racing with > + * queue head waiter trying to set _QLOCK_LOCKED_SLOWPATH. > + */ > + if (likely(cmpxchg((u8 *)lock, _Q_LOCKED_VAL, 0) > + == _Q_LOCKED_VAL)) > + return; > + else > + queue_spin_unlock_slowpath(lock); > + > + } else { > + __queue_spin_unlock(lock); > + } > + barrier(); > +} > +#endif /* CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS */Ideally we'd make all this use alternatives or so, such that the actual function remains short enough to actually inline; static inline void queue_spin_unlock(struct qspinlock *lock) { pv_spinlock_alternative( ACCESS_ONCE(*(u8 *)lock) = 0, pv_queue_spin_unlock(lock)); } Or however that trickery works. -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: not available Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 836 bytes Desc: not available URL: <http://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/virtualization/attachments/20140612/a202fec8/attachment.sig>
Possibly Parallel Threads
- [PATCH v11 09/16] qspinlock, x86: Allow unfair spinlock in a virtual guest
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- [PATCH v11 09/16] qspinlock, x86: Allow unfair spinlock in a virtual guest
- [PATCH v11 09/16] qspinlock, x86: Allow unfair spinlock in a virtual guest